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1.
Rain-induced debris and mudflow triggering factors assessment in the Santiago cordilleran foothills,Central Chile 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
Debris and mudflows are some of the main geological hazards in the mountain foothills of the Chilean capital city of Santiago.
There, the risk of flows triggered in the basins of ravines that drain the range into the city increases with time due to
the city growth. A multivariate statistical study based on the logistic regression method is presented. The model provides
equations that allow the computation of combined meteorological triggering factors associated with a probability of rain-induced
flow occurrence. Daily rainfall, accumulated rainfall and the snowfall level, traditionally considered as the relevant factors,
are analysed for a 25-year period. The results show a strong relevance of the rainfall on the day of the flow event over the
other factors. However, the relatively low probabilities returned for some real flow events suggest that the model does not
capture all the significant variables and the problem is more complex than as it has been traditionally assumed, and further
investigations are needed to develop predictive models of flow triggering. 相似文献
2.
Cione Alberto L. Tonni Eduardo P. San Cristóbal Jorge Hernández Pedro J. Benítez Adrián Bordignon Fernando Perí Jorge A. 《Earth, Moon, and Planets》2002,91(1):9-24
Ten oblong aligned depressions in the Río Cuarto area (provincia de Córdoba, Argentina) were supposed to be the result of very-low-angle Holocene meteoroid impacts. However, we consider that authors that studied the structures did not demonstrated their extraterrestrial origin. We suggest that an eolian origin for the structures of Río Cuarto is more likely. Actually, these landforms integrate large systems of similar deflation/accumulation geoforms aligned according to predominant winds during different periods. 相似文献
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Austin H. Becker Michele Acciaro Regina Asariotis Edgard Cabrera Laurent Cretegny Philippe Crist Miguel Esteban Andrew Mather Steve Messner Susumu Naruse Adolf K. Y. Ng Stefan Rahmstorf Michael Savonis Dong-Wook Song Vladimir Stenek Adonis F. Velegrakis 《Climatic change》2013,120(4):683-695
With 80 % of world trade carried by sea, seaports provide crucial linkages in global supply-chains and are essential for the ability of all countries to access global markets. Seaports are likely to be affected directly and indirectly by climatic changes, with broader implications for international trade and development. Due to their coastal location, seaports are particularly vulnerable to extreme weather events associated with increasing sea levels and tropical storm activity, as illustrated by hurricane “Sandy”. In view of their strategic role as part of the globalized trading system, adapting ports in different parts of the world to the impacts of climate change is of considerable importance. Reflecting the views of a diverse group of stakeholders with expertise in climate science, engineering, economics, policy, and port management, this essay highlights the climate change challenge for ports and suggests a way forward through the adoption of some initial measures. These include both “soft” and “hard” adaptations that may be spearheaded by individual port entities, but will require collaboration and support from a broad range of public and private sector stakeholders and from society at large. In particular, the essay highlights a need to shift to more holistic planning, investment and operation. 相似文献
4.
Vander Kaufmann Nilza Maria dos Reis Castro Cristóvão Vicente Scapulatempo Fernandes Gustavo Merten 《水文科学杂志》2013,58(12):2173-2185
AbstractSurface runoff and drainage were evaluated for southern Brazilian soils subjected to different rainfall intensities and management practices. Soils received up to four applications of simulated rainfall in sequences with one application per day. Seven lysimeters, each of 1 m3 volume, were used to measure drainage volume, with measurement of initial and final water content, times at which surface runoff and lysimeter drainage began, and the volume rates of flow. At the end of the second test, soils were subjected to two levels of disturbance (denoted by low and high soil movement) by opening furrows. These cultivation treatments altered the times at which lysimeter surface runoff and drainage were initiated, the rates of surface runoff, the final infiltration and internal drainage, and the components of the water balance throughout the series of trials. Mean times at which surface runoff was initiated in lysimeters subjected to greater soil disturbance were longer than those with little soil disturbance. Final infiltration rates were greater in lysimeters with little soil disturbance. It was also found that lysimeter surface runoff generation was influenced by the state of development of maize grown in the lysimeter.
Editor D. Koutsoyiannis; Associate editor G. Mahé 相似文献
5.
The coral communities of the Islas Marias archipelago,Mexico: structure and biogeographic relevance to the Eastern Pacific 
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下载免费PDF全文 Andrés López‐Pérez Amilcar Cupul‐Magaña Miguel Angel Ahumada‐Sempoal Pedro Medina‐Rosas Héctor Reyes‐Bonilla María Dinorah Herrero‐Pérezrul Cristóbal Reyes‐Hernández Julio Lara‐Hernández 《Marine Ecology》2016,37(3):679-690
Various authors have suggested that the Islas Marias archipelago, Mexico, may play a significant biogeographic role in the dispersal of Indo Pacific coral species into the Eastern Pacific; however, the coral communities of this archipelago have received scarce attention to date. Here, we first addressed coral community structure across the islands and, by employing ordination analysis, minimum spanning tree and particle‐tracking experiments, used this information to evaluate the relevance of the archipelago for coral dispersal. Twenty‐four coral communities were recorded in the archipelago. Coral cover varied significantly among islands: Maria Cleofas had large values (38.5%), intermediate values were observed for Maria Madre (26.5%) and Maria Magdalena (22.84%), and relatively low values were recorded for San Juanito (18.5%). Coral communities mainly consisted of Pocillopora (57.3%) and Porites (25.5%) species, while species of Pavona (16%) and Psammocora (0.6%) made relatively minor contributions. Thirteen stony coral species were identified in the archipelago; of these Psammocora profundacella and Pavona duerdeni represent new records. Ordination analysis, minimum spanning tree and particle‐tracking experiments suggested similar connecting paths in the studied area; in general, the Islas Marias stands as a route for coral dispersal of Indo Pacific species into the Northeastern Pacific. In a regional context, the Islas Marias has three major biogeographic implications to coral dispersal: (i) the archipelago stands as a major stepping stone for the transport of species and individuals among the Revillagigedo archipelago, the Gulf of California and the tropical Mexican Pacific; (ii) the Islas Marias may play a seminal role in maintaining the genetic connectivity between southern and northern coral populations along the Mexican Pacific and (iii) because of its relatively pristine status and low levels of human impact, the archipelago may potentially serve as a source of coral propagules for ecosystem recovery in the Gulf of California and along the Pacific coast of the Mexican mainland following natural and/or human induced perturbations. 相似文献
6.
Francesco d’Ovidio Jordi Isern-Fontanet Cristóbal López Emilio Hernández-García Emilio García-Ladona 《Deep Sea Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers》2009,56(1):15-31
Transport and mixing properties of surface currents can be detected from altimetric data by both Eulerian and Lagrangian diagnostics. In contrast with Eulerian diagnostics, Lagrangian tools like the local Lyapunov exponents have the advantage of exploiting both spatial and temporal variability of the velocity field and are in principle able to unveil subgrid filaments generated by chaotic stirring. However, one may wonder whether this theoretical advantage is of practical interest in real-data, mesoscale and sub-mesoscale analysis, because of the uncertainties and resolution of altimetric products, and the non-passive nature of biogeochemical tracers. Here we compare the ability of standard Eulerian diagnostics and the finite-size Lyapunov exponent in detecting instantaneous and climatological transport and mixing properties in the south-western Mediterranean. By comparing with sea-surface temperature patterns, we find that the two approaches provide similar results for slowly evolving eddies like the first Alboran gyre. However, the Lyapunov exponent is also able to predict the (sub-)mesoscale filamentary processes occurring along the Algerian current and above the Balearic Abyssal Plain. Such filaments are also observed, with some mismatch, in sea-surface temperature patterns. Climatologies of Lyapunov exponents do not show any compact relation with other Eulerian diagnostics, unveiling a different structure even at the basin scale. We conclude that filamentation dynamics can be detected by reprocessing available altimetric data with Lagrangian tools, giving insight into (sub-)mesoscale stirring processes relevant to tracer observations and complementing traditional Eulerian diagnostics. 相似文献
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Ismael Hernández-Carrasco Cristóbal López Emilio Hernández-García Antonio Turiel 《Ocean Modelling》2011,36(3-4):208-218
Much of atmospheric and oceanic transport is associated with coherent structures. Lagrangian methods are emerging as optimal tools for their identification and analysis. An important Lagrangian technique which is starting to be widely used in oceanography is that of finite-size Lyapunov exponents (FSLEs). Despite this growing relevance there are still many open questions concerning the reliability of the FSLEs in order to analyse the ocean dynamics. In particular, it is still unclear how robust they are when confronted with real data. In this paper we analyze the effect on this Lagrangian technique of the two most important effects when facing real data, namely noise and dynamics of unsolved scales. Our results, using as a benchmark data from a primitive numerical model of the Mediterranean Sea, show that even when some dynamics is missed the FSLEs results still give an accurate picture of the oceanic transport properties. 相似文献