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1.
A multi-method approach to study the stability of natural slopes and landslide susceptibility mapping 总被引：8，自引：0，他引：8
In this paper, a multi-method approach for the assessment of the stability of natural slopes and landslide hazard mapping applied to the Dakar coastal region is presented. This approach is based on the effective combination of geotechnical field and laboratory works, of GIS, and of mechanical (deterministic and numerical) stability analysis. By using this approach, valuable results were gained regarding instability factors, landslide kinematics, simulation of slope failure and coastal erosion. This led to a thorough assessment and strong reduction in the subjectivity of the slope stability and hazard assessment and to the development of an objective landslide danger map of the SW coast of Dakar. Analysis of the results shows that the slides were influenced by the geotechnical properties of the soil, the weathering, the hydrogeological situation, and the erosion by waves. The landslide susceptibility assessment based on this methodological approach has allowed for an appropriate and adequate consideration of the multiple factors affecting the stability and the optimization of planning and investment for land development in the city. 相似文献
2.
Allison M. Colden Kelsey A. Fall Grace M. Cartwright Carl T. Friedrichs 《Estuaries and Coasts》2016,39(5):1435-1448
The eastern oyster, Crassostrea virginica, is a prominent ecosystem engineer, whose reefs exhibit strikingly consistent morphologies at multiple spatial scales throughout its North American range. These distinct morphologies are thought to form by interactions of nascent reef structures with hydrodynamics. We carried out two field studies to determine if historical reef configurations applied in a restoration context would improve reef persistence and restoration outcomes. We collected seabed and water column observations across constructed reefs of three orientations representative of those found historically throughout the oyster’s range: parallel or perpendicular to tidal currents or circular. Areas adjacent to reefs were sites of fine sediment trapping, with lower flow velocities, evidence of particle settling, and more fine sediments on the seabed relative to off-reef reference sites. The water column above the reef crest exhibited higher acoustic backscatter, higher flow velocities, and larger particles in suspension, consistent with local erosion of flocculated fine sediment from the reef crest. Perpendicular reefs produced conditions that were more conducive to reef persistence and improved oyster performance, including high flow velocities and enhanced resuspension of sediments from the reef, compared to parallel or circular reefs. Particle trapping in areas between reefs has the potential to inhibit reef growth between existing reef structures, providing support for hypotheses of landscape-scale reef pattern formation. Oyster reef restoration efforts can benefit from this improved understanding of biophysical interactions arising from reef orientation that contribute to sediment dynamics on constructed oyster reefs. 相似文献
3.
Fatou Samb Yves Berthaud Makhaly Ba Meissa Fall Farid Benboudjema 《Geotechnical and Geological Engineering》2018,36(5):2939-2956
Pavement design in Senegal is based on a linear elastic behavior of pavement materials and the hypothesis of a static loading. However, previous works on the mechanical behavior of road materials showed that this one is reversible after several loading cycles and depends on the applied stress. The described behavior is from then on, purely nonlinear. One of the objectives of this research is to determine the parameters of response of lateritic pavement materials submitted to road traffic by using FEM. Therefore, experiments were made on gravel lateritic soils from Dougar, Sébikotane, Mont-Rolland, Pâ Lo and Ngoundiane. The Young’s modulus of the materials was defined in unconfined compression test while repeated load triaxial test was performed to determine the resilient modulus of the gravels and the appropriate model (Uzan model). An implementation was realized with Cast3M©. The importance of the nonlinearity was revealed in a very clear way and was crucial in the construction of the calculation algorithm. The observations for certain conditions showed that the values of the critical responses are more important for the linear model than for the nonlinear model. However, this trend should be validated by further studies. 相似文献
4.
A Framework and Software Tool to Support Collaborative Landscape Analysis: Fitting Square Pegs into Square Holes 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
For landscape models to be applied successfully in management situations, models must address appropriate questions, include relevant processes and interactions, be perceived as credible and involve people affected by decisions. We propose a framework for collaborative model building that can address these issues, and has its roots in adaptive management, computer‐supported collaborative work and landscape ecology. Models built through this framework integrate a variety of information sources, address relevant questions, and are customized for the particular landscape and policy environment under study. Participants are involved in the process from the start, and because their input is incorporated, they feel ownership of the resulting models, increasing the chance of model acceptance and application. There are two requirements for success: a tool that supports rapid model prototyping and modification, that makes a clear link between a conceptual and implemented model, and that has the ability to implement a wide range of model types; and a core team with skills in communication, research and analysis, and knowledge of ecology and forestry in addition to modelling. SELES (Spatially Explicit Landscape Event Simulator) is a tool for building and running models of landscape dynamics. It combines discrete event simulation with a spatial database and a relatively simple modelling language to allow rapid development of landscape simulations, and provides a high‐level means of specifying complex model behaviours ranging from management actions to natural disturbance and succession. We have applied our framework in several forest modelling projects in British Columbia, Canada. We have found that this framework increases the interest by local experts and decision‐makers to participate actively in the model building process. The workshop process and resulting models have efficiently provided insight into the dynamics of large landscapes over long time frames. The use of SELES has facilitated this process by providing a flexible, transparent environment in which models can be rapidly implemented and refined. As a result, model findings may be more readily incorporated into decision‐support systems designed to assist resource managers in making informed decisions. 相似文献
5.
Sediments from Rapid Lake document glacial and vegetation history in the Temple Lake valley of the Wind River Range, Wyoming over the past 11,000 to 12,000 yr. Radiocarbon age determinations on basal detrital organic matter from Rapid Lake (11,770 ± 710 yr B.P.) and Temple Lake (11,400 ± 630 yr B.P.) bracket the age of the Temple Lake moraine, suggesting that the moraine formed in the late Pleistocene. This terminal Pleistocene readvance may be represented at lower elevations by the expansion of forest into intermontane basins 12,000 to 10,000 yr B.P. Vegetation in the Wind River Range responded to changing environmental conditions at the end of the Pleistocene. Following deglaciation, alpine tundra in the Temple Lake valley was replaced by a Pinus albicaulis parkland by about 11,300 14C yr B.P. Picea and Abies, established by 10,600 14C yr B.P., grew with Pinus albicaulis in a mixed conifer forest at and up to 100 m above Rapid Lake for most of the Holocene. Middle Holocene summer temperatures were about 1.5°C warmer than today. By about 5400 14C yr B.P. Pinus albicaulis and Abies became less prominent at upper treeline because of decreased winter snowpack and higher maximum summer temperatures. The position of the modern treeline was established by 3000 14 C yr B.P. when Picea retreated downslope in response to Neoglacial cooling. 相似文献
6.
We determine the mass function of young star clusters in the merging galaxies known as the "Antennae" (NGC 4038/9) from deep images taken with the Wide Field Planetary Camera 2 on the refurbished Hubble Space Telescope. This is accomplished by means of reddening-free parameters and a comparison with stellar population synthesis tracks to estimate the intrinsic luminosity and age, and hence the mass, of each cluster. We find that the mass function of the young star clusters (with ages less, similar160 Myr) is well represented by a power law of the form psi&parl0;M&parr0;~M-2 over the range 104 less, similarM less, similar106 M middle dot in circle. This result may have important implications for our understanding of the origin of globular clusters during the early phases of galactic evolution. 相似文献
7.
Understanding the shear behaviour of the interface between cemented tailings backfill and retaining wall structures (barricades,
bulkheads) is important for the optimal design of barricades or bulkheads, and for mine operators to balance strength and
safety against cost. However, our understanding of the shear behaviour of the aforementioned interface is limited. This paper
is aimed at investigating the interfacial behaviour and properties of cemented tailings backfill-retaining wall structures,
including stress–strain behaviour, cohesion, friction angle and shear stiffness through direct shear tests. Two different
types of barricade or bulkhead materials (brick and concrete) are used in this study. Interface shear tests are performed
at various curing times of the cemented backfill. Valuable results are obtained with regards to the interface shear behaviour
of backfill-retaining structures. Based on these results, interfacial properties between cemented tailings backfill and barricades
or bulkheads show a significant time-dependent variation. 相似文献
8.
A. Roshani M. Fall K. Kennedy 《International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology》2017,14(3):453-462
Oil sand operations in Alberta generate a large amount of waste tailings in the form of slurry that is rich with fine particles. The surface disposal of this waste has created several environmental problems. Furthermore, strict governmental regulations on the disposal of such a huge amount of waste called mature fine tailing in tailing ponds have compelled the industry to develop new techniques that are more sustainable and environmentally friendly. Hence, in this study, a new technique that uses a super absorbent polymer to dewater mature fine tailings is investigated by adding 1% by weight polymer to the mature fine tailings. The pre-dewatered mature fine tailings are then exposed to evaporation and the results in terms of changes to the volumetric water content, electrical conductivity, geochemistry, microstructure and permeability are reported. The volumetric water content and electrical conductivity have the same behavior such that as the water content decreases, the electrical conductivity also decreases. In term of changes to the chemistry, the super absorbent polymer reduces the ion concentration of the pore water with uptake of the major cations in its polymer chains. Scanning electron microscopy shows that there is a more compacted clay matrix in the pre-dewatered mature fine tailings as opposed to the raw material. Hence, with further restriction of flow in the pre-dewatering of mature fine tailings with the super absorbent polymer, the hydraulic conductivity is also reduced. 相似文献
9.
Meissa Fall Auckpath Sawangsuriya Craig H. Benson Tuncer B. Edil Peter J. Bosscher 《Geotechnical and Geological Engineering》2008,26(1):13-35
Investigations on the mechanical behavior of compacted gravel lateritic soils have been the subject of several studies. Used
as road materials, soils tests were mainly performed using standard tests. Static loads as unconfined compression test (UCT)
remain the only engineering approach used. Alternative testing techniques can be chosen as supplementary tests for characterizing
pavement materials. These researches were conducted so as to determine the response of these particular and problematic soils
in its compacted form with road traffic loads. This paper presents the results of research conducted to investigate the effect
of the soil compacity on the resilient modulus of lateritic soils. The influence of the percentage of cement added so as to
stabilize each sample at the optimum modified proctor (OPM) State was also determined. Soil big specimens of around 180 mm
diameter (with length to diameter aspect ratio of 2:1) were prepared according to the standard procedure described by AASHTO
T 307 and then were subjected to repeated load triaxial tests. The models used, analyzed and developed in this paper are mainly
the Andrei and the Uzan–Witczak universal model. Test results showed that the specimen compacity has no significant influence
on the resilient modulus of the investigated gravel lateritic soils. Soil specimens with variation of the percentage of cement
added exhibited the highest resilient modulus values while the specimens with variation of the compacity exhibited the lowest
values. The resilient modulus variation seems to be independent of the level of stress. 相似文献
10.
Laboratory studies of some environmental variables controlling sulfur emissions from plants 总被引：8，自引：0，他引：8
R. Fall D. L. Albritton F. C. Fehsenfeld W. C. Kuster P. D. Goldan 《Journal of Atmospheric Chemistry》1988,6(4):341-362
Several trace sulfur gases that can have a significant influence on atmospheric chemistry are emitted from biological systems. In order to begin to address biological questions on the mechnisms of production of such gases, laboratory-scale experiments have been developed that reproduce such emissions under controlled conditions. Using a flux chamber technique, flats containing soil, or soil plus plants were sampled for the net fluxes of sulfur gases. The major sulfur gas emitted from all the plants tested (corn, alfalfa, and wheat) was dimethyl sulfide (DMS). Alfalfa and wheat also emitted lesser amounts of methanethiol, variable amounls of hydrogen sulfide, and in some experiments wheat emitted carbon disulfide. The use of a plant incubator allowed a systematic study of the effects of variables such as temperature, photon flux, and carbon dioxide levels, on these emissions. Fluxes of all the emitted sulfur gases increased exponentially with increasing air temperature, and increased with increasing photon flux up to a saturation level of \~300 E/m–2 sec-1. Three to four-fold changes in DMS flux were observed during light to dark or dark to light transitions. By varying the CO2 content of the chamber flush gas, it was shown that the observed sulfur fluxes from corn and alfalfa were not related to the CO2 concentration. Growing these crop plants through holes in a Teflon soil-covering film allowed a separate determination of soil and foliage emissions and substantiation of the light dependent uptake of COS by growing vegetation observed in previous field studies. 相似文献