Flooding is one of the most problematic natural events affecting urban areas. In this regard, developing flooding models plays a crucial role in reducing flood-induced losses and assists city managers to determine flooding-prone areas (FPAs). The aim of this study is to investigate on the prediction capability of fuzzy analytical hierarchy process (FAHP) and Mamdani fuzzy inference system (MFIS) methods as two completely and semi-knowledge-based models to identify FPAs in Tehran, Iran. Six flooding conditioning factors including density of channel, distance from channel, land use, elevation, slope, and water discharge were extracted from various geo-spatial datasets. A total of 62 flooding locations were identified in the study area based on the existing reports and field surveys. Of these, 44 (70%) floods were randomly selected as training data and the remaining 18 (30%) cases were used for the validation purposes. After the data preparation step, data were processed by means of two statistical (FAHP) and soft computing (MFIS) methods. Unlike most statistical and soft computing approaches which use flooding inventory data for both training and evaluation of models, only conditioning factor was involved in data processing and inventory data were used in the current study to assess models prediction accuracy. Also, the efficiency of two approaches was evaluated by pixel matching (PM) and area under curve to validate the prediction capability of models. The prediction rate for MFIS and FAHP was 89% and 84%, respectively. Moreover, according to the results obtained from PM, it was found out that about 90% of known flooding locations fell in high-risk areas, whereas it was 83% for FAHP, indicating that flooding susceptibility map of MFIS has higher performance.
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In order to investigate the development of forest soils formed on loess, six representative modern soil pedons were selected along a precipitation gradient extending from eastern Golestan(mean annual precipitation, MAP = 500 mm)to eastern Mazandaran Provinces(MAP = 800 mm).Physiochemical, micromorphological and magnetic properties, as well as clay mineralogy of soils were studied using standard methods. Soils are mainly classified as Alfisols and Mollisols. Downward decalcification and the subsequent clay illuviation were the main criteria of soil development in all study areas. Pedogenic magnetic susceptibility of pedons studied varied systematically across the precipitation gradient in Northern Iran, increasing from 14.66 ×10~(-8) m~3 kg~(-1) at the eastern part to 83.75 × 10~(-8) m~3 kg~(-1) at the western margin of this transect. The frequencydependent magnetic susceptibility showed an increasing trend with rainfall as well. The micromorphological study of soils indicated that there is a positive relationship between climate gradient (increasing rainfall) and the micromorphological index of soil development(MISECA). The area and thickness of clay coatings showed an increasing trend with rainfall. Grain size analysis indicates that pedogenic processes are responsible for changing original grain size distribution of loess in our soils.The correlation achieved among modern soil properties and precipitation could be applied to the buried paleosols in the whole study area to refer degree of paleosol development and to reconstruct the paleoclimate. 相似文献
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Rezaei Mahmoud Amiraslani Farshad Samani Najmeh Neysani Alavipanah Kazem 《Natural Hazards》2020,100(1):363-385
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Climatic Change - Changes in precipitation pattern can lead to widespread impacts across natural and human systems. This study assesses precipitation variability as well as anthropogenic and... 相似文献
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Developing a climate model for Iran using GIS 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Summary In order to develop a climate model for Iran, monthly mean climatic variables from 117 synoptic stations were obtained from
the Iranian Meteorological Organisation. These variables were reduced to six orthogonal factors using factor analysis. The
stations were then divided into six groups using cluster analysis. Within each climatic group, the lowest and highest thresholds
for each factor were identified. The factor scores of the stations within each factor were interpolated across the country
applying Inverse Squared Distance Weight in the ArcGIS environment. Based on the factor scores, six conditional functions
were defined to allocate each pixel to a region. In order to simplify the models, one index variable was substituted for each
factor. Then, through Discriminant Analysis, the constants and coefficients of the models were determined. The final models
were evaluated against some examples, one of which, Yazd, was demonstrated fully.
Authors’ address: Bohloul Alijani, Manijeh Ghohroudi, Nahid Arabi, Department of Geography, Teacher Training University, Mofetteh
Avenue, Tehran, Iran. 相似文献
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A solution for the transition zone isosats in two-phase primary drainage in the presence of gravity 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Primary drainage in a water-wet saturated medium in the absence of capillarity is typically a combination of shock (discontinuous) and rarefaction (continuous) waves. Using nonlinear relative permeability functions for the host fluid and the invading fluid leads to the existence of a shock wave front, and the degree of nonlinearity of the relative permeability functions has an inverse relationship with the size of the shock wave (i.e., difference of saturation between upstream and downstream of the shock wave), whereas for linear relative permeability functions, the shock wave size approaches 0. Injection of a lower-viscosity immiscible phase such as gas or solvent into a water-wet porous medium in the presence of large capillary pressure leads to development of an extended and growing saturation transition zone that follows the discontinuous shock wave front. In this article, a semianalytical solution for the position of equisaturation contours (isosats) in the transition zone in the presence of gravity is obtained for a set of linearized relative permeability functions. The capillary (diffusive) and buoyancy terms are neglected, and the generalized convective equation for mass conservation is obtained. The set of equations is then reduced to a one-dimensional steady-state differential equation through forcing the isosat formulation to obey mass conservation. This scheme allows the isosat distribution to be solved, and the case of injection into an axisymmetric geometry for a confined planar configuration is solved and presented. A finite element model was developed to demonstrate the reasonable agreement between analytical and numerical solutions. 相似文献
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Mesbahzadeh Tayyebeh Salajeghe Ali Sardoo Farshad Soleimani Zehtabian Gholamreza Ranjbar Abbas Krakauer Nir Y. Miglietta Mario Marcello Mirakbari Maryam 《Natural Hazards》2020,104(2):1801-1817
Natural Hazards - Dust storms are a major natural hazard to human health. Severe erosive storms in parts of the Central Plateau of Iran have made the situation very difficult for the inhabitants,... 相似文献
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Natural Resources Research - In this study, ZnO nanoparticles were modified with rice bran. Synthesis and production of ZnO nano-particles is highly important due to the use of rice bran. In... 相似文献
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Journal of Geographical Systems - Despite all distortions and incompleteness present in Sketch maps, they can be used for different purposes such as collecting and searching spatial data and... 相似文献
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