A sedimentary record from a deep Quaternary valley in the southern Lillebælt area, Denmark: Eemian and Early Weichselian lithology and chronology at Mommark     

JÓN EIRÍKSSON  PETER H. KRISTENSEN  HOLGER LYKKE-ANDERSEN  KATHRYN BROOKS  REW MURRAY  KAREN LUISE KNUDSEN  CHRISTOPHER GLAISTER 《Boreas: An International Journal of Quaternary Research》2006,35(2):320-331

A unique sequence of Late Saalian, Eemian and Early Weichselian strata is exposed in a coastal outcrop at Mommark in the western Baltic. The sedimentary facies and faunas reflect palaeoenvironmental changes from an initial freshwater lake followed by marine transgression and interglacial deposition in a palaeo-Baltic sea. The upper part of the Eemian marine record indicates regression followed by lacustrine sedimentation and deposition of Early Weichselian aeolian sediments, which are truncated by an erosional unconformity overlain by a till bed. The lower and middle parts of the sequence have previously been correlated with the European glacial-interglacial stratigraphy on the basis of pollen analysis, while the upper part has been dated for the present study using optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) of samples from the aeolian and glacial deposits. A similar complete glacial-interglacial-glacial succession has not previously been recorded from this area. The Mommark sequence of conformable strata has been subjected to lateral compression, evidenced by folding and low-angle reverse faults. Seismic records from the adjacent waters in the western Baltic reveal a system of buried Quaternary valleys in the area. It is suggested that the interglacial deposition took place in a basin within one of these valleys and that a slab constituting the Mommark sequence, originating from the margin of a valley, has been glaciotectonically displaced northwestwards to the present location.  相似文献   

Quaternary sequences and their relations to the pre-Quaternary in the vicinity of Anholt, Kattegat, Scandinavia     

HOLGER LYKKE-ANDERSEN  MARIT-SOLVEIG SEIDENKRANTZ  KAREN LUISE KNUDSEN 《Boreas: An International Journal of Quaternary Research》1993,22(4):291-298

The stratigraphic record from a boring penetrating the 104 m thick Quaternary sequence on the island of Anholt is summarized. The spatial distribution of the pre-Quaternary formations and the surface topography of these are described on the basis of reflection seismic profiles. It is concluded that Anholt is located in the crestal zone of a southeast–northwest trending anticline in the pre-Quaternary. The anticline was formed during the Late Cretaceous–Early Tertiary inversion episodes and was later deeply truncated by erosion. A southeast–northwest trending erosional channel, c. 2 km wide and with a maximum depth c. 250 m below sea level, is located southeast of Anholt along the crest of the anticline. This channel is not present at the bore locality. Although no direct correlation from the boring to the seismic profiles could be achieved it is argued that a strong reflection near the base of the Quaternary outside the channel may be correlated with the Saalian–Eemian complex found in the boring. Three younger sequences of probable Early and Middle Weichselian, Late Glacial and Holocene age respectively have been recognized. The Late Glacial and Holocene sediments appear to have been deposited in erosional troughs and channels cut into a sequence of Lower and Middle Weichselian sediments. Post-Eemian till deposits or other evidence unambiguously indicating the presence of Weichselian glaciers have not been found, either in the boring or in the seismic profiles. It is therefore assumed that the erosion of the Lower-Middle Weichselian sequence was of fluvial origin and can be ascribed to the lowstand period of the Weichselian glacial period. The western part of Anholt can possibly be regarded as an erosional remnant of the Lower-Middle Weichselian sequence.  相似文献   

Lateglacial oceanographic conditions off Southwest Iceland inferred from shallow-marine deposits in Reykjavík and Seltjarnarnes Peninsula     

JÓN EIRÍKSSON  KAREN LUISE KNUDSEN  LEIFUR A. SÍMONARSON 《Boreas: An International Journal of Quaternary Research》2004,33(4):269-283

New palaeoenvironmental data from the Lateglacial in Southwest Iceland add to the record of climatic events during deglaciation of the region. Recently exposed sediments on the north coast of Seltjarnarnes Peninsula in the Reykjavik area, Southwest Iceland, contain evidence of marine deposition during the Bølling Interstadial. The glaciomarine sediments contain both slightly reworked marine macrofossils and microfossils indicating normal marine salinity and subarctic climate conditions. Previous sedimentological studies and radiocarbon dating of the sporadic sediments covering the lava bedrock in Reykjavik have revealed lateglacial marine units from the Allerød, the Allerød—Younger Dryas transition, the Younger Dryas and from the Preboreal. Until now, the only Bølling evidence has consisted of scattered radiocarbon-dated redeposited shell fragments. From the Bollagardar deposits we report the first faunas dated to the Bølling chronozone preserved in marine sediments in the Reykjavik area. Recently published work in Hvalfjördur and Borgarfjördur, West Iceland, has shown that sea level was relatively high during the Bølling and that deglaciation was rapid. Bølling, Allerød and Younger Dryas deposits in the coastal areas of the Reykjavík region accumulated in a relatively open marine environment in oceanographic conditions similar to the present ones. Combined previous and present results indicate that several episodes of glaciomarine deposition occurred.  相似文献   

Amino acid geochronology of selected interglacial sites in the North Sea area.   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

KAREN LUISE KNUDSEN  HANS PETTER SEJRUP 《Boreas: An International Journal of Quaternary Research》1988,17(3):347-354

Isoleucine epimerization (alle/Ile) ratios have been measured on foraminiferal tests from interglaical sites in the southern North Sea region. In order to evaluate the possibilities of this amino acid method on benthic foraminifera, sites were chosen from areas where the stratigraphy was already well known. The study demonstrates that the isoleucine epimerization reaction in benthic foraminifera can be used for correlation and as a means of relative age estimation within a limited geographic area. Previous suggestions of a Holsteinian age for the Rugrd, Tornskov, and Wacken sites are supported for the Kås Hoved site. The age of most presumed Eemian sites is supported by the amino acid results; the Reighton site also seems to belong in this interglacial.  相似文献   

Mineralogy and Petrology of the Red Hill Alkaline Igneous Complex, New Hampshire, U.S.A.     

HENDERSON  C. M. B.; PENDLEBURY  KAREN; FOLAND  K. A. 《Journal of Petrology》1989,30(3):627-666

The Red Hill intrusion, New Hampshire is one of the alkalineintrusions making up the White Mountain Magma Series. Earlierwork has shown that it consists of several units with ring-or plug- like form, in order of intrusion: Outer Coarse Syenite(OCS) plus Nepheline Sodalite Syenite (NSS Fire Tower Sycnite(FTS); Garland Peak Syenite (GPS) Watson Ledge Quartz Syenite(WLQS) Interior Fine Granite (IFG). New studies have revealedtrends of increasing alkalinity in both the OCS (OCS-AOCS-B)and NSS (NSS-A-B-C). Conventional K-Ar and Rb-Sr age datingon separated minerals and bulk rocks show that the OCS, NSS,FTS, and GPS have indistinguishable ages at 198.5?1.5 Ma whilethe IFG formed about 10 Ma later. These values are believedto represent intrusion ages. Amphiboles from the NSS vary from ferro-pargasites through taramitesto katophontes and pyroxenes from ferrosalites to aegirine-augitesthese trends follow the increasing degree of under- saturationin the NSS-A-C series. The NSS-A contain mafic syenite xenolithsas well as partially resorbcd salitic pyroxene cores withinamphiboles. Mineral and isotope data are consistent with theseinclusions being cognate suggesting derivation from more-basicparental magmas. Pyroxenes and amphiboles from saturated andoversaturated rocks vary from ferro-salites to ferro-hedenbergitesand hastingsites to ferro-edenites, respectively, but OCS-Bshow fractionation towards aegirine-augites and katophorites. Mineral assemblages crystallized close to the quartz-fayalite-magnetitebuffer at a pressure of about 1–1.5 kb under essentiallyfluid-saturated conditions. It seems likely that the complexformed by emplacement of fractionated magmas derived from alower-level magma chamber which initially contained a basalticparent magma. The first pulse of magma had an overall compositionsimilar to OCS plus NSS and was intruded as a sheet-like bodywhich differentiated in situ to give a central unit of highlyundersaturated magma (NSS-C). NSS-C samples with relativelyradiogenic Sr isotope compositions were modified by introductionof country-rock Sr via circulating fluids. Fractional crystallizationof alkali-rich amphiboles from critically undersaturated magma(NSS-A?) in the lower- level chamber led to the developmentof saturated and oversaturated magmas. These were intruded intothe OCS/NSS unit along ring fractures to form the FTS and GPSunits. Rock and mineral compositions, including isotope data,are consistent with the IFG forming by partial melting of countryrock and being intruded along pre-existing planes of weaknesssome 10 Ma after the main complex was formed.  相似文献   

Fields as a framework for integrating GIS and environmental process models. Part 1: Representing spatial continuity     

KAREN K KEMP 《Transactions in GIS》1996,1(3):219-234

Linking a GIS to a spatially distributed, physically-based environmental model offers many advantages. However, the implementation of such linkages is generally problematic. Many problems arise because the relationship between the reality being represented by the mathematical model and the data model used to organize the spatial data in the GIS has not been rigorously defined. In particular, while many environmental models are based on theories that assume continuity and incorporate physical fields as independent variables, current GISs can only represent continuous phenomena in a variety of discrete data models. This paper outlines a strategy in which field variables are used to enable modellers to work directly with the spatial data as spatially continuous phenomena. This allows the manner in which the spatial data has been discretized and the ways in which it can be manipulated to be treated independently from the conceptual modelling of physical processes. Modellers can express their spatial data needs as representations of reality, rather than as elements of a GIS database, and a GIS-independent language for model development may result. By providing a formal linkage between the various models of spatial phenomena, a mechanism is created for the explicit expression of transformation rules between the different spatial data models stored and manipulated by a GIS.  相似文献   

Foraminiferal faunas of the Quaternary Hostrup Clay from northern Jutland, Denmark     

KAREN LUISE KNUDSEN 《Boreas: An International Journal of Quaternary Research》1977,6(3):229-245

One profile and four short borings were analyzed. A marine Quaternary deposit, here called the Hostrup Clay, was found. The two dominant species in the Hostrup Clay were Elphidium excavatum , forma clavata and Cassidulina crassa , whereas characteristic accessory species were Protelphidium orbiculare in the lower clayey part of the deposit, and Buccella frigida, Elphidiuni albiumbilicatum , and E. subarcticum together with P. orhiculare in the upper more sandy part. The Hostrup Clay faunas were compared with assemblages from other marine Quaternary deposits. The present deposit is probably correlatable with the lower part of the marine sequence of the Inder Bjergum borings at Ribe, which is supposed to be of Holsteinian Interglacial age. However, as the foraminiferal faunas indicate a climatic succession from arctic to probably boreo-arctic conditions, the Hostrup Clay, together with the corresponding cold part of the marine Quaternary sequence in the Ribe-Esbjerg region, may represent the Lateglacial part of the preceding Glacial Period, i.e. the Elsterian.  相似文献   

Subglacial bedforms and conditions associated with the 1991 surge of Skeiðarárjökull, Iceland     

RICHARD I. WALLER  THAIENNE A. G. P. VAN DIJK  ÓSKAR KNUDSEN 《Boreas: An International Journal of Quaternary Research》2008,37(2):179-194

Much previous research at surge-type glaciers has sought to identify features diagnostic of surge-type behaviour. However, in comparatively little work have subglacial landform–sediment characteristics been used to reconstruct changing basal processes and conditions during surge events. Subglacial bedforms described in this article are associated with the 1991 surge of Skeiðarárjökull, Iceland, and include a series of drumlins with superimposed flutes and basal crevasse-fill ridges. The drumlins were formed by the subglacial erosion of ice-contact fans. Sedimentary evidence indicates a shift from rigid-bed to soft-bed conditions during the surge. The presence of eroded but undeformed fan sediments suggests that they acted as a rigid bed when initially overridden. Subsequent deposition of a layer of deformation till resulted in a change to soft-bed conditions and the generation of flutes and subglacial crevasse-fill ridges. The lack of mixing between this till and the underlying stratified sediments indicates that subglacial sediment deformation was restricted to a thin layer and that its deposition resulted in a cessation of subglacial erosion. The drumlin is therefore a composite of both rigid-bed and soft-bed processes that illustrates changes in basal conditions and processes during the course of the event. The limited time frame in which the drumlin formed and the presence of kettleholes across its surface are distinctive features that may warrant further investigation in the search for features diagnostic of past surge events.  相似文献   

Petrology and geothermobarometry of granulite facies metapelites from the Hisøy-Torungen area, south Norway: new data on the Sveconorvegian P–T–t path of the Bamble sector     

T.-L. KNUDSEN 《Journal of Metamorphic Geology》1996,14(3):267-287

ABSTRACT The high-grade rocks (metapelite, quartzite, metagabbro) of the Hisøy-Torungen area represent the south-westernmost exposures of granulites in the Proterozoic Bamble sector, south Norway. The area is isoclinally folded and a metamorphic P–T–t path through four successive stages (M1-M4) is recognized. Petrological evidence for a prograde metamorphic event (M1) is obtained from relict staurolite + chlorite + albite, staurolite + hercynite + ilmenite, cordierite + sillimanite, fine-grained felsic material + quartz and hercynite + biotite ± sillimanite within metapelitic garnet. The phase relations are consistent with a pressure of 3.6 ± 0.5 kbar and temperatures up to 750–850°C. M1 is connected to the thermal effect of the gabbroic intrusions prior to the main (M2) Sveconorwegian granulite facies metamorphism. The main M2 granulite facies mineral assemblages (quartz+ plagioclase + K-feldspar + garnet + biotite ± sillimanite) are best preserved in the several-metre-wide Al-rich metapelites, which represent conditions of 5.9–9.1 kbar and 790–884°C. These P–T conditions are consistent with a temperature increase of 80–100°C relative to the adjacent amphibolite facies terranes. No accompanying pressure variations are recorded. Up to 1-mm-wide fine-grained felsic veinlets appear in several units and represent remnants of a former melt formed by the reaction: Bt + Sil + Qtz→Grt + lq. This dehydration reaction, together with the absence of large-scale migmatites in the area, suggests a very reduced water activity in the rocks and XH₂O = 0.25 in the C–O–H fluid system was calculated for a metapelitic unit. A low but variable water activity can best explain the presence or absence of fine-grained felsic material representing a former melt in the different granulitic metapelites. The strongly peraluminous composition of the felsic veinlets is due to the reaction: Grt +former melt ± Sil→Crd + Bt ± Qtz + H₂O, which has given poorly crystalline cordierite aggregates intergrown with well-crystalline biotite. The cordierite- and biotite-producing reaction constrains a steep first-stage retrograde (relative to M2) uplift path. Decimetre- to metre-wide, strongly banded metapelites (quartz + plagioclase + biotite + garnet ± sillimanite) inter-layered with quartzites are retrograded to (M3) amphibolite facies assemblages. A P–T estimate of 1.7–5.6 kbar, 516–581°C is obtained from geothermobarometry based on rim-rim analyses of garnet–biotite–plagioclase–sillimanite–quartz assemblages, and can be related to the isoclinal folding of the rocks. M4 greenschist facies conditions are most extensively developed in millimetre-wide chlorite-rich, calcite-bearing veins cutting the foliation.  相似文献   

A scanning system for measuring the age-related luminescence of split sediment cores     

NIGEL R. J. POOLTON  LARS BØTTER-JENSEN  ANN G. WINTLE  PETER J. YPMA  KAREN LUISE KNUDSEN  VAGN MEJDAHL  BARBARA MAUZ  HENRIK E. CHRISTIANSEN  JØRGEN JAKOBSEN  FINN JØRGENSEN  FINN WILLUMSEN 《Boreas: An International Journal of Quaternary Research》1996,25(3):195-208

This article describes the development and performance of an integrated optical sensor system that has been designed for rapid analysis of split sediment cores. The primary aim of the system is to obtain information based on optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) techniques; these provide a record of the accrued radiation dose of material since deposition. Particularly after suitable normalization, the luminescence signal recorded along the length of the core will provide information on the relative age of the sediment. Two wavelengths of stimulation are used (infra-red and green) and these probe the feldspar, and combined feldspar and quartz components of the sediment respectively; the ratio of the two signals can thus provide some indication of relative changes in the silicate mineralogy. A secondary use of the system is for optical reflectance measurements. With the addition of a monochromator, optical reflectance spectroscopy can be applied to obtain additional information on down-core mineralogical changes. In this article we describe technical aspects of the sensor system, discuss measurement techniques and consider the relevance of data obtained. Two examples of sediment cores are presented, which demonstrate the applicability of the instrument.  相似文献