Seismic hazard of Egypt   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

A. El-Sayed  R. Wahlströ;m  O. Kulhánek 《Natural Hazards》1994,10(3):247-259

Earthquake hazard parameters such as maximum expected magnitude,M _max, annual activity rate,, andb value of the Gutenberg-Richter relation have been evaluated for two regions of Egypt. The applied maximum likelihood method permits the combination of both historical and instrumental data. The catalogue used covers earthquakes with magnitude 3 from the time interval 320–1987. The uncertainties in magnitude estimates and threshold of completeness were taken into account. The hazard parameter determination is performed for two study areas. The first area, Gulf of Suez, has higher seismicity level than the second, all other active zones in Egypt.b-values of 1.2 ± 0.1 and 1.0 ± 0.1 are obtained for the two areas, respectively. The number of annually expected earthquakes with magnitude 3 is much larger in the Gulf of Suez, 39 ± 2 than in the other areas, 6.1 ± 0.5. The maximum expected magnitude is calculated to be 6.5 ± 0.4 for a time span of 209 years for the Gulf of Suez and 6.1 ± 0.3 for a time span of 1667 years for the remaining active areas in Egypt. Respective periods of 10 and 20 years were reported for earthquakes of magnitude 5.0 for the two subareas.  相似文献   

Geochemistry and petrogenesis of the post-orogenic bimodal dyke swarms in NW Sinai, Egypt: constraints on the magmatic–tectonic processes during the late Precambrian     

M.M El-Sayed   《Chemie der Erde / Geochemistry》2006,66(2):129-141

The study area in the northwest Sinai represents one of the most significant regions in the Egyptian basement intensely invaded by post-orogenic calc-alkaline dyke swarms. Two post-orogenic dyke swarms have been recognized in NW Sinai namely: (1) mafic dykes of basalt, basaltic andesite and andesite composition and (2) felsic dykes of dacite, rhyodacite and rhyolite composition. These basaltic to rhyolitic dykes intruded contemporaneously and shortly after the intrusion of the post-orogenic leucogranite. The mafic and felsic dykes are enriched in incompatible elements, especially in the large ion lithophile elements (e.g. K, Rb, Ba) and depleted in high field strength elements with negative P, Ti and Nb anomalies. Major and trace element geochemistry indicates that investigated mafic and felsic magma types are not related via fractional crystallization. The protoliths of the mafic and felsic dykes appear to have evolved from different parental magmas. The incompatible trace element patterns favour a derivation of the mafic dykes from melting of a garnet peridotite source followed by fractional crystallization of olivine, clinopyroxene amphibole and zircon. The felsic dykes, on the other hand, could be generated by melting of garnet-free source modified subsequently by fractional crystallization of plagioclase, apatite and titanomagnetite. This implies variable source characteristics at the end of the Pan-African in the NW Sinai.The mafic and felsic dykes can be related to an intracontinental setting and that this was accompanied by a chemical evolution of the subcontinental lithosphere. Magma generation and ascent in the area was favoured by extensional movements, which is already known from other areas in NE Africa.  相似文献   

The Role of Fractional Crystallization and Assimilationin the Evolution of the Zoned Mukhattata Pluton, Eastern Desert, Egypt     

Said A. El-Nisr  Mohamed M. El-Sayed 《Chemie der Erde / Geochemistry》2002,62(3):216-236

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Fossil cyclic calcrete in the Kuwait Group clastic deposits (Mio-Pleistocene) of Kuwait,Arabian Gulf     

E. I. Khalaf  M. I. El-Sayed 《International Journal of Earth Sciences》1989,78(2):525-536

An investigation of the upper Kuwait Group clastic sequence (Mio-Pleistocene) exposed along the Jal Az-Zor escarpment in north Kuwait revealed several horizons of fossil calcrete. Field occurrences and textural characteristics of the studied sequence indicated that the fossil calcrete was hosted in cyclic fluviatile muddy sandstones and developed through diagenesis during inter-fluvial periods. Depositional and diagenetic features of the calcretized fluviatile sandstone units suggested that each cycle started with the deposition of a fluviatile muddy host sandstone during a humid period. This was followed by a period of semi-aridity during which calcrete profiles developed. The upper part of the calcrete profiles was weathered and terra rosa type soil was formed during wet seasons. This was succeeded by a severe arid climate and the deposition of desert aeolian sand sheets. Fossil nodular calcrete was only developed within the fluviatile muddy sandstones. The calcretized sandstones were lithified in two stages of diagenesis-an early stage that was responsible for the authigenesis of microcrystalline calcite and the development of calcrete nodules, and a later stage during which macrocrystalline calcite cement was precipitated as an intergranular cement displacing and replacing the clay matrix of the host sediments and filling fractures and cavities in the calcrete nodules. The findings and conclusions of the present study will help in understanding the lithostratigraphic setting of the Kuwait Group clastic sequence in the northern Arabian Gulf region.

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Zusammenfassung Eine Untersuchung der klastischen Sequenz der oberen Kuwait-Gruppe, die entlang der Jal Az-Zor Zone in Nordkuwait aufgeschlossen ist, ergab mehrere Horizonte fossilen Kalksinters. Geländebeobachtungen und texturelle Charakteristik der Sequenz deuten an, daß der fossile Kalksinter in Zyklen eines feinkörnigen fluviatilen Sandsteines eingebettet ist und diagenetisch während interfluviatilen Stadien gebildet wurde. Merkmale der Ablagerungsverhältnisse und der Giagenese des verkalkten fluviatilen Sandsteines sprechen dafür, daß jeder Zyklus mit der Sedimentation des Sandsteines unter humiden Klimabedingungen begann. Auf dieses Stadium folgte eine Phase semiariden Klimas, während dessen sich die Kalksinterprofile entwickelten. Der obere Teil der Kalksinterabschnitte verwitterte in Regenzeiten, dabei bildeten sich »terra rosa«-Böden. Während des folgenden rauhen ariden Klimas wurden wüstenähnliche äclische Sande sedimentiert. Den fossilen knotigen Kalksinter findet man nur innerhalb des fluviatilen Sandsteines. Die Lithifizierung der Sandsteine erfolgte in zwei diagenetischen Phasen: In der frühen Phase wurde auhigener, mikrokristalliner Calcit und die Kalksinterknoten gebildet. Während der späteren Diagenesephase fiel makrokristalliner Calcit als intergranularer Zement aus, der die tonige Ausgangsmatrix substituierte und Klüfte sowie Hohlräume innerhalb der Kalksinterknoten ausfüllte. Beobachtungen und Interpretationen dieser Studie werden das Verständnis um den lithostratigraphischen Zusammenhang der klastischen Sequenz der Kuwait-Gruppe in der Region des nördlichen Arabischen Golfes erleichtern.

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Résumé La série élastique du groupe supérieur du Koweit (MioPleistocène), exposée le long de l'escarpement de Jal Az-Zor (nord du Koweit) montre plusieurs horizons de calcrètes fossiles. Les relations de terrain et les caractères structuraux de cette série montrent que ces calcrètes se sont formées dans des sables argileux fluviatiles cycliques, par un processus de diagenèse intervenu au cours de périodes interfluviales. Les caractères sédimentologiques et diagénétiques de ces roches suggèrent que chaque cycle a débuté par le dépôt, en période humide, des sables argileux fluviatiles et s'est poursuivi en période de semi-aridité par le développement des calcrètes. La partie supérieure des calcrètes a subi une altération atmosphérique avec formation d'un sol de type »terra rossa« au cours des saisons humides. Le cycle se termine par l'installation d'un climat strictement aride, avec dépôt de sables éoliens désertiques. Les calcrètes, nodulaires, se sont formées uniquement dans les sables argileux fluviatiles. Leur lapidification s'est opérée en deux stades: un premier stade responsable de l'apparition de calcite authigène microcristalline et du développement de nodules carbonates; un second stade marqué par la précipitation d'un ciment intergranulaire de calcite macrocristalline qui s'est substitué à la matrice argileuse du sédiment primaire et a rempli les fissures et cavités des nodules. Les résultats de cette étude permettent de mieux comprendre l'édification lithostratigraphique de la série clastique du Groupe du Koweit dans la région septentrionale du Golfe Arabique.

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, Jal Az-Zor , . , , . , . , . , «terra rosa». , . , , . — — : . , . , .

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Geomorphology and sedimentary/biosedimentary structures of the intertidal environment along the coast of Kuwait,north-western Arabian Gulf     

Mohamed I. El-Sayed  Dhia Al-Bakri 《International Journal of Earth Sciences》1994,83(2):448-463

The coast of Kuwait can be divided into nine intertidal geomorphological subunits, of which four are found along the northern muddy shoreline and five along the southern sandy shoreline. In the north the coast is characterized by wide intertidal mudflats, bounded landward by an extensive coastal sabkha which is partly covered by sand drifts. The upper part of the intertidal environment is covered with a mixture of aeolian sands and muddy sediments of marine origin. A number of shallow tidal channels dissect the intertidal flats and small sand bars occur near the low water line. In contrast, the southern shore is characterized by relatively steep sandy beaches fronted by narrow to moderately wide rocky intertidal platforms which are partly covered by sand, bioherms, skeletal debris and algal mats. In some areas the rocky surface is dissected by numerous small gulleys and shallow channels. Multiple sand bars lying either parallel or diagonal to the shoreline are developed near the low water line. This southern intertidal environment is bounded landward by a sandy berm and a wave-cut cliff.Ripple marks are developed almost parallel to the shoreline, showing different flow directions. Energy levels are moderate to high along the southern shore, but low along the northern shore. In the south, waves induced by winds blowing mostly from the north-east and south-east form the dominant energy source, whereas tidal and wind-driven currents are the only tangible process acting along the northern shore.  相似文献   

Geographic analysis of manufacturing industry in Saudi Arabia     

Farouk M. El Gammal Ph. D.  El-Sayed El-Bushra Ph. D. 《GeoJournal》1986,13(2):157-171

The study focuses on the analysis of manufacturing industry in Saudi Arabia by examining development, structure and spatial distribution. The analysis has shown that Saudi manufacturing is basically of recent development and is highly capital- and energy-intensive, particularly the hydrocarbon-based groups. Perhaps the most conspicuous weakness of Saudi industrialization is the almost total dependence on expatriate labour. Foreign capital and expertise share in the building and development of the industrial sector by providing technical, managerial, and marketing skills. Saudi industry is heavily subsidized by the government, and the public sector plays a commanding role in industrial development. Large-scale basic industries are owned and run by the government, while light manufacturing of the import-substitution type is dominated by the private sector. One of the main characteristics of manufacturing industry is that it is scantily diversified, modestly concentrated and remarkably linked geographically but not functionally or structurally. Although the authorities are exerting tremendous efforts to achieve a regional balance in industrial development, Saudi manufacturing industry is significantly polarized, urban-oriented and highly associated with the major axes of population scatter. Like all developing countries beginning to industrialize, Saudi manufacturing industry faces certain problems which have to be resolved so as to lay the foundations for a sound and prosperous industrial future. The paper goes on to indicate problems and to suggest solutions.  相似文献   

Deterministic seismic hazard in Egypt   总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4  

A. El-Sayed  F. Vaccari  G. F. Panza 《Geophysical Journal International》2001,144(3):555-567

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Two million squatters in Khartoum Urban Complex: The dilemma of Sudan's national capital     

El-Sayed El-Bushra  Naila B. Hijazi 《GeoJournal》1995,35(4):505-514

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The depositional environment of Mauddud limestone,Greater Burgan oil field,Kuwait     

Dr. Ali A. Al-Shamlan  M. I. Ali El-Sayed  Muayyad H. Khaiwka 《International Journal of Earth Sciences》1981,70(3):941-955

Six microfacies are defined on quantitative petrographic data in a carbonate/clastic sequence from the subsurface, oil producing Mauddud Formation of early Middle Cretaceous age. These are, in descending order of importance and abundance: (1) biomicritic wackestone-packstone, (2) argillaceous mudstone, (3) micritic mudstone, (4) glauconitic sandstone, (5)Orhitolina pelsparitic grainstone, and (6) argillaceous dolomite.Sedimentation took place during a marine transgression onto a very shallow, intertidal, restricted marine shelf lagoons. Facies variations appear to be related to depth and energy changes and proximity to areas of clastic deposition. These changes may have been controlled by slight tectonic events in the hinterland and changes in the rate of basin subsidence.

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Zusammenfassung Auf der Grundlage quantitativer petrographischer Daten werden sechs Mikrofazies in einer karbonat/klastischen Folge aus der unter der ErdoberflÄche liegenden, ölliefernden Mauddud-Formation der frühen Mittelkreide definiert. In absteigender Reihenfolge der Bedeutung und HÄufigkeit sind dieses: (1) biomikritischer wackestone-packstone, (2) toniger Schlickstein, (3) unkritischer Schlickstein, (4) glaukonitischer Sandstein, (5) Orbitolina-führender pelsparitischer Grainstone und (6) toniger Dolomit.Die Sedimentation erfolgte wÄhrend einer marinen Transgression auf sehr flache, intertidale Lagunen eines begrenzten marinen Schelfs. Die Fazies-Variationen scheinen mit den Wechseln in Wassertiefe und Energie sowie der mit NÄhe von Gebieten mit klastischer Sedimentation zusammenzuhÄngen.Diese Wechsel könnten durch kleinere tektonische Ereignisse im Hinterland und durch VerÄnderungen der Absenkungsrate des Beckens ausgelöst worden sein.

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Résumé Des données pétrographiques quantitatives permettent de définir six microfacies dans une série clasto-carbonatée d'âge crétacé inférieur du sous-sol de la région pé trolifère de Mauddud. Ce sont par ordre décroissant d'importance et d'abondance: (1) des wacstones-pacstone biomicritiques; (2) des argilites; (3) des argilites micritiques; (4) des grès glauconitiques; (5) des grainstone pelsparitiques à orbitolines; (6) des dolomies argileuses.La sédimentation se produisit au cours d'une transgression marine dans des lagunes très plates, intercotidales, d'une plate-forme continentale de faible étendue. Les variations de facies semblent Être dues à des changements de profondeur et d'énergie, ainsi qu'à la proximité de régions à sédimentation clastique.Ces changements pourraient résulter de légers mouvements tectoniques dans l'arrière-pays et de variations dans le degré de subsidence du bassin de sédimentation.

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- Mauddud, ( ). : 1) ; 2) ; 3) ; 4) ; 5) , 6) . , . , , , . , .

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The utility of cluster analysis in determining sedimentary facies     

Muayyad H. Khaiwka  M.I. Ali El-Sayed  Ali A. Al-Shamlan 《Sedimentary Geology》1981,30(4):245-253

Data on 12 variables in 98 thin sections from 150 carbonate core samples of the Mauddud Formation (early Middle Cretaceous) in 13 well locations distributed throughout the Greater Burgan Oil Field, Kuwait, are re-examined using two correlation coefficients, distance similarity and product-moment, for data comparison and the weighted-pair group clustering technique with simple arithmatic averages for clustering of coefficients. The analysis shows results compatible with those obtained with subjective appraisal of the same data. The method can be utilized for sedimentary microfacies recognition and can be profitably applied in frontier areas where data are limited.  相似文献