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A possible mechanism for the formation and heating of coronal loops through the propagation and damping of fast mode waves is proposed and studied in detail. Loop-like field structures are represented by a dipole field with the point dipole at a given distance below the solar surface. The density of the medium is determined by hydrostatic equilibrium along the field lines in an isothermal atmosphere. The fast mode waves propagating outward from the coronal base are refracted into regions with a low Alfvén speed and suffer collisionless damping when the gas pressure becomes comparable to the magnetic pressure. The propagation and damping of these waves are studied for three different cases: a uniform density at the coronal base, a density depletion within a given flux tube, and a density enhancement within a given flux tube. The fast mode waves are found to be important in the formation and heating of the loops if the wave energy flux density is of the order 105 ergs cm-2 s-1 at the coronal base.The National Center for Atmospheric Research is sponsored by the National Science Foundation.  相似文献   
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Fractionation is considered to be a necessary approach in order to obtain information about the complex composition of aquatic humus. Gel filtration has been used for this purpose for the last decade and recently ultramembrane filtration has been found useful. The two techniques are briefly described and results of a combined use of the two methods reported. The results show a poor correspondence, with regard to molecular size, between the two methods. Due to uncontrollable interaction between the gel used (Sephadex) and humus, the ultramembrane filtration technique is considered to be preferable for desalting and molecular size fractionation of aquatic humus.  相似文献   
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Based upon an under-representation of second time spawners on the spawning grounds between 1935 and 1973, researchers have suggested that Norwegian spring-spawning (NSS) herring (Clupea harengus) frequently skip their second spawning event. In order to evaluate this claim with direct evidence, herring were collected over a period of three years from statutory surveys and commercial catches over a wide area covering the feeding, over-wintering and spawning grounds. The development stage of the ovaries was assessed and the intensity of atresia quantified. Only a negligible number of the analysed herring caught were considered likely to skip spawning, thus this phenomenon does not appear to be a common feature of the NSS herring stock at present. In addition, considering the reproductive strategy of herring, it seems doubtful that skipping the second spawning event has ever frequently occurred in this stock.  相似文献   
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Abstract

The Barents Sea is divided into a northern and a southern part by the Polar Front (at about 75–76° N) where Atlantic waters descend under Arctic waters. Near to and north of the Polar Front, the spring bloom of phytoplankton is triggered by the stability induced in the upper 20 m by the melting of ice. The pycnocline is too strong to be eroded by wind. Primary productivity after the bloom is therefore small and largely regenerative. Underneath the pycnocline there is a 3–5 m thick layer characterized by dense, slow‐growing algal populations. New productivity north of the Polar Front is no more than 40 g C m?2 a?1.

In permanently open waters south of the Polar Front, the spring bloom starts in early May. Rhythmic wind‐induced mixing related to the atmospheric low‐pressure belt reaches an average 40–60 m depth in the growth season, and secondary phytoplankton maxima may arise. As a result, new annual productivity is more than doubled, i.e. 90 g C m?2 a?1, relative to the same system without wind. Although productivity is highest south of the Polar Front, it is more concentrated north of it, in the sense that high new production is mainly related to a 20–50 km wide belt that sweeps the area following the ice edge northwards while the ice melts through the summer.  相似文献   
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UV-induced transformation of dissolved organic matter (DOC) is often accompanied by reduction of molecular weight and aromaticity and an increase of low-molecular weight (LMW) matter that can be utilized as a substrate by heterotrophic bacteria. Moreover, the generation of reactive transients and mineralization of DOC occurs. For a better understanding of the modification that starts after irradiation and to distinguish between possible chemical and biological modifications, we selected different natural organic matter (NOM) from Norway and Germany. The aqueous solutions were treated by UV irradiation and divided into two aliquot samples. NaN3 anti-bacterial treatment was applied to one sample, and high-pressure size-exclusion chromatography (HPSEC) analysis was used for both. In all samples, we found typical modifications of NOM after UV irradiation. Incubation (>7?days) of UV-irradiated NOM samples resulted in lower levels of LMW matter and increased aromaticity. Parallel to these changes of carbon fractions, an increase in bacterial cell numbers was observed. Addition of NaN3 to NOM, however, inhibited the reduction of LMW matter, indicating that microbial activity accounted for the observed changes in NOM. Analysis of the bacterial community composition by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) of the amplified 16S rRNA genes revealed that bacterial communities of non-irradiated and UV-irradiated NOM were different and that UV selected for specific members of ??-proteobacteria, ??-proteobacteria, and Bacteriodetes. Our results imply that after UV-irradiation of NOM, specific bacterial members are well adapted to low pH, high LMW DOC concentrations, and oxidative stress, and therefore thrive well on UV-irradiated humic matter.  相似文献   
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Contrasts in elastic parameters can be estimated directly from seismic data using offset-dependent information in the PP reflection coefficient. A linear approximation to the PP reflection coefficient including three coefficients is fitted to the data, and relative contrasts in various elastic parameters are obtained from linear combinations of the estimated coefficients. Linearized elastic parameter sections for the contrasts in P-wave impedance, P-wave velocity, density, plane-wave modulus, and the change in bulk modulus and shear modulus normalized with the plane-wave modulus are estimated. If the average P- to S-wave velocity ratio is known, linearized parameter sections including the contrast in the average P- to S-wave velocity ratio and a fluid factor section can be computed. Applied to synthetic data, visual comparison of the estimated and true elastic parameter sections agree qualitatively, and the results are confirmed by an analysis of the standard deviation of the estimated parameters. The parameter sections obtained by inversion of a shallow seismic anomaly in the Barents Sea are promising, but the reliability is uncertain because neither well data nor regional trends are available.  相似文献   
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