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Detailed grain-size analyses, both in China and western Europe, indicate the occurrence of short climatic cycles during loess deposition of the last glacial. Cold episodes coincided with enhanced deposition of relatively coarse loess and alternated with relatively warmer episodes with decreased deposition of finer loess and soil formation. In Europe, these oscillations may coincide with alternations of permafrost development and degradation. The short-term climatic events in the loess sections are similar to the Dansgaard–Oeschger events in ice-core records. 相似文献
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洛川黄土地层定年的一个模式及其初步应用 总被引：13，自引：0，他引：13
选择黄土中２～１６μｍ的颗粒作为沉积速率相对稳定的大气粉尘沉降组分，根据黄土粒度变化与沉积速率变化的相关性，设计了以下的年代学模型:Ｔｍ＝Ｔ１＋（Ｔ２－Ｔ１）（∑ｍｉ＝１ＣｉＨｉ）/（∑ｎｉ＝１ＣｉＨｉ）以黄土地层中根据热释光和古地磁极性倒转点获得的绝对年代作为时间控制点，利用上面的模式对洛川第四纪黄土地层的年代进行了计算，结果表明该模式可以用于黄土高原中部黄土地层的精细定年。 相似文献
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Due to the shipping industry's international legal framework, there are loopholes in the system, which can increase the risk of incidents with high economic costs due to the substandard operation of vessels. This article uses duration analysis and through the creation of ship life cycles provides insight into the effectiveness of inspections on prolonging ship lives. The analysis accounts for fluctuations in the relevant economic environment and the (possibly time-varying) ship particulars. It is based on a unique dataset containing information on the timing of accidents, inspections and ship particular changes of more than 50,000 vessels over a 29-year time period (1978–2007). The results reveal that the shipping industry is a relatively safe industry but there is a possible over-inspection of vessels. The effect of inspections varies across ship types and the prevention of incidents with high economic costs can be improved by a coordinated approach of all types of inspections that are performed which allows the decrease of unnecessary inspections. Further, more emphasis should be placed on the rectification and follow-up of deficiencies and the implementation of the ISM code. Another added benefit for the industry would be to improve transparency related to class withdrawals and class transfers for all classification societies. Another interesting finding is that for the majority of ship types, an increase in earnings decreases the incident rate. This is in contrast to the industry perception of the impact of earnings. 相似文献
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早、中更新世东亚冬季风强度的快速变化 总被引：13，自引：1，他引：13
对黄土高原中部洛川黄土堆积进行了系统的粒度和磁化率测量,以黄土－古土壤中的粗颗粒组分,即＞３０μｍ颗粒的百分含量作为冬季风强度代用指标,根据一个独立的时间标尺,发现在１４５～１６５、２４０～２８０、３２０～３５０、３９０～４４０、６００～６４０、８６０～８９０、９００～９３０和１３３０～１４００ｋａＢ．Ｐ．东亚冬季风强度存在千年尺度快速变化的特征,冬季风加强事件的持续时间在１．４～７．２ｋａ之间,变化幅度也不相同;周期分析结果表明,这些古气候变化存在１．８９～４．０ｋａ之间的周期,由于时间标尺的精度还有待于进一步提高,在这里没有把冬季风强度变化与北大西洋沉积物记录的古气候事件进行对比,但是,实验结果证明在早、中更新世的某些阶段东亚冬季风强度存在快速变化的现象 相似文献
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Lavas from the island of São Miguel, Azores Archipelago have long been known to display large radiogenic isotopic variability, that ranges from “depleted” isotopic signatures (e.g. high εNd ∼ +5) in the west, typical of many ocean island basalts, to more “enriched” compositions (e.g. low εNd ∼ +1) in the east. Here, we further characterise the geochemistry of lavas from this remarkable locality, focussing on the nature and origin of the enriched source. Our new isotope data define a striking, linear array in Nd and Hf isotope space that points towards an unusual, enriched composition below the mantle array. This distinctive Hf-Nd isotope signature is associated with elevated values of all three radiogenic Pb isotope ratios. Although the enriched component has certain geochemical similarities to both terrigenous sediments and some samples of the continental mantle lithosphere, such comparisons do not stand closer examination. In the absence of a clear, modern analogue we explore the isotope evolution of some simple, model melt compositions to investigate plausible means of producing an appropriate enriched component. Nd-Hf isotope characteristics provide the tightest constraints and can be reproduced by an ancient (∼3 Ga), modest-degree melt (∼2%) from a garnet peridotite source. Currently, modest-degree melts from garnet-bearing sources are found forming some major oceanic islands. Subduction, isolation and later mixing of small amounts (<5%) of such basaltic material with more ubiquitous ambient mantle can account for the isotopic characteristics of the enriched São Miguel source. Yet the incompatible element ratios of the enriched São Miguel lavas do not show “recycled” signatures of near-surface alteration nor subduction zone dehydration. Thus, we infer that the enriched component was originally under-plated basalt, intruded into oceanic mantle lithosphere rather than forming the island edifice itself. Since the extreme isotope compositions of São Miguel reflect unextraordinary, albeit ancient, magmatic fractionation, the general rarity of such signatures indicates the efficiency of mantle processes in homogenising or hiding similar sources. 相似文献
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