Testing accretion mechanisms of the H chondrite parent body utilizing nucleosynthetic anomalies     

Sren Grube Pedersen  Martin Schiller  James N. Connelly  Martin Bizzarro 《Meteoritics & planetary science》2019,54(6):1215-1227

Planetary bodies a few hundred kilometers in radii are the precursors to larger planets but it is unclear whether these bodies themselves formed very rapidly or accreted slowly over several millions of years. Ordinary H chondrite meteorites provide an opportunity to investigate the accretion time scale of a small planetary body given that variable degrees of thermal metamorphism present in H chondrites provide a proxy for their stratigraphic depth and, therefore, relative accretion times. We exploit this feature to search for nucleosynthetic isotope variability of ⁵⁴Cr, which is a sensitive tracer of spatial and temporal variations in the protoplanetary disk's solids, between 17 H chondrites covering all petrologic types to obtain clues about the parent body accretionary rate. We find no systematic variability in the mass‐biased corrected abundances of ⁵³Cr or ⁵⁴Cr outside of the analytical uncertainties, suggesting very rapid accretion of the H chondrite parent body consistent with turbulent accretion. By utilizing the μ⁵⁴Cr–planetary mass relationship observed between inner solar system planetary bodies, we calculate that the H chondrite accretion occurred at 1.1 ± 0.4 or 1.8 ± 0.2 Myr after the formation of calcium‐aluminum‐rich inclusions (CAIs), assuming either the initial ²⁶Al/²⁷Al abundance of inner solar system solids determined from angrite meteorites or CAIs from CV chondrites, respectively. Notably, these ages are in agreement with age estimates based on the parent bodies’ thermal evolution when correcting these calculations to the same initial ²⁶Al/²⁷Al abundance, reinforcing the idea of a secular evolution in the isotopic composition of inner disk solids.  相似文献   

Measuring long-run economic effects of natural hazard     

Robert McComb  Young-Kyu Moh  Anita R. Schiller 《Natural Hazards》2011,58(1):559-566

This paper studies the long-run economic effects of severe weather on regional economies. A catastrophic event, such as a hurricane, will have an effect on both the directly impacted region and adjacent regions. With dramatically increasing damage from catastrophic weather events over the past few decades, comprehensive assessment of the long-run economic impact of natural disasters across the broader region becomes more important than ever for planning for post-disaster recovery. We estimate the long-run effect of Hurricane Katrina on the unemployment rate of Houston, TX by employing time-series and fixed-effect models. Using Dallas as a control, we find that Katrina is associated with a higher long-run unemployment rate in Houston than would otherwise have been expected. This implies that the hurricane-generated adverse relative effects on Houston. Our findings suggest that areas that are geographically proximate to the directly impacted region can sustain lasting negative economic consequences.  相似文献   

Digital mapping of coastal boulders – high-resolution data acquisition to infer past and recent transport dynamics     

Fabian Boesl  Max Engel  Rodrigo C. Eco  JaN B. Galang  Lia A. Gonzalo  Francesca Llanes  Eva Quix  Helmut Brückner 《Sedimentology》2020,67(3):1393-1410

Coastal boulder fields provide clues to long-term frequency-magnitude patterns of coastal flooding events and have the potential to play an important role in coastal hazard assessment. Mapping boulders in the field is time and labour-intensive, and work on intertidal reef platforms, as in the present study, is physically challenging. By addressing coastal scientists who are not specialists in remote sensing, this contribution reports on the possibilities and limitations of digital applications in boulder mapping in Eastern Samar, Philippines, where recent supertyphoons Haiyan and Hagupit induced high waves, coastal flooding and boulder transport. It is demonstrated how satellite imagery of sub-metre resolution (from Pléiades and WorldView-3 imagery) enables efficient analysis of transport vectors and distances of larger boulders, reflecting variation in latitudes of both typhoon tracks and approaching angles of typhoon-generated waves. During the investigated events, boulders with a-axes of up to 8 m were clearly identified to have been shifted for up to 32 m, mostly along the seaward margin of the boulder field. It is, however, hard to keep track of smaller boulders, and the length of a-axes and b-axes including their orientation is often impossible to map with sufficient accuracy. Orthophotographs and digital surface models created through the application of an unmanned aerial vehicle and the ‘Structure from Motion’ technique provide ultra-high-resolution data, and have the potential to not only improve the results of satellite image analysis, but also those from field mapping and may significantly reduce overall time in the field. Orthophotographs permit unequivocal mapping of a-axes and b-axes including their orientation, while precise values for c-axes can be derived from the respective digital surface models. Volume of boulders is best inferred from boulder-specific Structure from Motion-based three-dimensional models. Battery power, flight speed and altitude determine the limits of the area covered, while patches shielded by the boulders are difficult to resolve. For some tasks, field mapping remains mandatory and cannot be replaced by currently available remote sensing tools: for example, sampling for rock type, density and age dating, recording of lithological separation of boulders from the underlying geological unit and of geomorphic features on a millimetre to decimetre-scale, or documentation of fine-grained sediment transport in between the boulders in supratidal settings. In terms of future events, the digital products presented here will provide a valuable reference to track boulder transport on a centimetre to decimetre-scale and to better understand the hydrodynamics of extreme-wave events on a fringing reef coastline.  相似文献   

Korallenriffe—Bedrohungen,Schutzkonzepte und Rehabilitationsmaßnahmen     

Schuhmacher  Helmut 《Ocean Dynamics》1999,51(10):17-23

Ocean Dynamics - Korallenriffe sind der artenreichste Lebensraum im Meer und zugleich der wirkungsvollste Schutz tropischer Küsten. Die hermatypischen Organismen konvertieren durch die...  相似文献   

Tying platform drowning to perturbations of the global carbon cycle with a δ¹³C_Org-curve from the Valanginian of DSDP Site 416     

Ulrich G. Wortmann  & Helmut Weissert 《地学学报》2000,12(6):289-294

The carbonate carbon isotope record of the Phanerozoic is marked by repeated high-amplitude excursions towards more positive values. Although the interpretation of C-isotope events remains controversial, they are regarded as a proxy of the global C-cycle. Using δ¹³C_Org-measurements of samples from DSDP Site 416, it is shown that a classic example of platform drowning coincided with the onset of the mid-Valanginian carbon-cycle excursion. Widespread carbonate platform drowning would have contributed to the observed positive shift in the C-isotope record. As choking of carbonate production was compensated by increased organic production, both processes favoured a shift in marine carbon partitioning from the oxidized to the reduced carbon reservoir. This would have resulted in an increased flux of CO₂ from the atmosphere into the marine and sedimentary carbon reservoir.  相似文献   

Lead and Mg isotopic age constraints on the evolution of the HED parent body          下载免费PDF全文

Martin Schiller  James N. Connelly  Martin Bizzarro 《Meteoritics & planetary science》2017,52(6):1233-1243

The large collection of howardite‐eucrite‐diogenite (HED) meteorites allows us to study the initial magmatic differentiation of a planetesimal. We report Pb‐Pb ages of the unequilibrated North West Africa (NWA) 4215 and Dhofar 700 diogenite meteorites and their mass‐independent ²⁶Mg isotope compositions (²⁶Mg*) to better understand the timing of differentiation and crystallization of their source reservoir(s). NWA 4215 defines a Pb‐Pb age of 4484.5 ± 7.9 Myr and has a ²⁶Mg* excess of +2.3 ± 1.6 ppm whereas Dhofar 700 has a Pb‐Pb age of 4546.4 ± 4.7 Myr and a ²⁶Mg* excess of +25.5 ± 1.9 ppm. We interpret the young age of NWA 4215 as a thermal overprint, but the age of Dhofar 700 is interpreted to represent a primary crystallization age. Combining our new data with published Mg isotope and trace element data suggests that approximately half of the diogenites for which such data are available crystallized within the first 1–2 Myr of our solar system, consistent with a short‐lived, early‐formed magma ocean undergoing convective cooling. The other half of the diogenites, including both NWA 4215 and Dhofar 700, are best explained by their crystallization in slowly cooled isolated magma chambers lasting over at least ~20 Myr.  相似文献   

Climatic bisection of the last interglacial warm period in the Polar North Atlantic     

Henning A. Bauch  Evguenia S. Kandiano  Jan Helmke  Nils Andersen  Antoni Rosell-Mele  Helmut Erlenkeuser 《Quaternary Science Reviews》2011,30(15-16):1813-1818

New multiproxy marine data of the Eemian interglacial (MIS5e) from the Norwegian Sea manifest a cold event with near-glacial surface ocean summer temperatures (3–4 °C). This mid-Eemian cooling divided the otherwise relatively warm interglacial climate and was associated with widespread expansions of winter sea-ice and polar water masses due to changes in atmospheric circulation and ocean stability. While the data also verify a late rather than early last interglacial warm peak, which is in general disharmony with northern hemisphere insolation maximum and the regional climatic progression of the early Holocene, the cold event itself was likely instrumental for delaying the last interglacial climate development in the Polar North when compared with regions farther south. Such a ‘climatic decoupling’ of the Polar region may bear profound implications for the employment of Eemian conditions to help evaluate the present and future state of the Arctic cryosphere during a warming interglacial.  相似文献   

Zur Theorie einfacher und mehrfacher räumlicher Mittelbildungen     

Helmut Pichler 《Meteorology and Atmospheric Physics》1962,13(2):207-217

Zusammenfassung Die Arbeit stellt einen Beitrag zur Theorie der einfachen und mehrfachen räumlichen Mittelbildung einer Feldfunktion dar. Es werden Formeln für die verschiedenen Mittelbildungen angegeben. Ferner wird gezeigt, daß eine zweifache räumliche Mittelbildung durch eine einfache mit einer entsprechend anderen Gitterdistanz ersetzt werden kann. Weiter wird die Genauigkeit der Approximation des Differentialoperators der Mittelung durch einen Differenzenoperator an Hand von Rossby-Wellen diskutiert. Dabei wird nachgewiesen, daß nur, wenn die Gitterdistanz der räumlichen Mittelbildung gegenüber der Wellenlänge von Rossby-Wellen klein verbleibt, eine hinreichend genaue Näherung erzielt werden kann.

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Summary The paper is a contribution to the theory of single and multiple space means of a field function. Formulae for the derivation of various types of means are given. It is shown that a double space mean can be replaced by a single one, provided an appropriate grid distance is used. For the case ofRossby waves, the degree of approximation of the mean attained by using an operator with finite increments and the accurate differential operator is discussed. Sufficient approximation can only be obtained when the grid distance is small compared to the length of theRossby waves.

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Résumé Ce mémoire est une contribution à la théorie de l'établissement dans l'espace des moyennes simples et multiples d'une fonction de champ. On y indique des formules pour l'établissement des diverses moyennes. On montre ensuite qu'une moyenne spaciale double peut être remplacée par une moyenne simple par la seule modification de la distance séparant les mailles du réseau. On discute au moyen d'ondes deRossby la précision de l'approximation obtenue par les moyennes issues d'un opérateur différentiel et d'un opérateur de différences. On démontre ainsi que l'approximation ne peut être suffisante que si la grandeur des mailles du réseau servant à l'établissement des moyennes reste petite par rapport à la longueur des ondes deRossby.

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Zusammenhälige zwischen einer seltenen Haloerscheiuung und der Gestalt der Eiskristalle     

Hermann Steinmetz  Helmut Weickmann 《Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology》1947,1(1):31-36

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Kristallgröße und Abkühlung     

Helmut G. F. Winkler 《Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology》1947,1(1):86-104

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