Studying Resource-Dependent Communities Through a Social-Ecological Lens? Examining Complementarity with Existing Research Traditions in Canada     

Sara Teitelbaum  Annie Montpetit  Jean-François Bissonnette  Clément Chion  Guy Chiasson  Frédérik Doyon 《社会与自然资源》2019,32(1):93-112

This article explores the suitability of Ostrom and colleagues' social-ecological systems framework (SESF) for the study of resource-dependent communities in Canada. Through a broad literature about resource-dependent communities in Canada, three main approaches are identified, named staples research, rural development, and sustainability studies. Each of these research traditions is analyzed with regards to a common set of criteria – focus, scale, methods, treatment of institutions, and treatment of environmental dimensions. Research in each category is compared and contrasted with the SESF approach, to identify areas of overlap and divergence. Results indicate that the SESF is unlikely to provide additional benefit in terms of in-depth of social analysis, however, it does provide a unique contribution in terms of its coupled approach to conceiving social and ecological systems and its ability to operationalize these relationships through structured variables.  相似文献   

Swedish Forests in the Bioeconomy: Stories from the National Forest Program     

Klara Fischer  Tove Stenius  Sara Holmgren 《社会与自然资源》2020,33(7):896-913

Abstract

The concept of a bioeconomy has been placed central in formation of a Swedish National Forest Program (NFP). Drawing on Hajer’s conceptual framework of storylines, we present a discourse analysis of the working group reports underlying the establishment of the NFP strategy. We ask what stories about Swedish forests come to dominate the NFP process, how well they reflect the commitment of balancing economic, social and environmental interests, and what role the concept of a bioeconomy, has on the formation of these stories. Storylines of Swedish forests in the bioeconomy unite wider European discourses on the bioeconomy and climate change with historical Swedish forest policy discourses, revitalizing a discourse coalition comprising the state and the industry. Particular to the Swedish discourse is the strong emphasis on creating consensus around a single story of the forest-based bioeconomy.  相似文献   

The impact of submersed aquatic vegetation on the development of river mouth bars     

Sara Lera  William Nardin  Lawrence Sanford  Cindy Palinkas  Roberto Guercio 《地球表面变化过程与地形》2019,44(7):1494-1506

This work is inspired by the sudden resurgence of the submersed aquatic vegetation (SAV) bed in the Chesapeake Bay (USA). Because the SAV bed occurs at the mouth of the Bay's main tributary (Susquehanna River), it plays a significant role in modulating sediment and nutrient inputs from the Susquehanna to the Bay. Previous model studies on the impact of submersed aquatic vegetation on the development of river mouth bars lacked a complete mechanistic understanding. This study takes advantage of new advances in 3D computational models that include explicit physical-sedimentological feedbacks to obtain this understanding. Specifically, we used Delft3D, a state-of-the-art hydrodynamic model that provides fine-scale computations of three-dimensional flow velocity and bed shear stress, which can be linked to sediment deposition and erosion. Vegetation is modeled using a parameterization of hydraulic roughness that depends on vegetation height, stem density, diameter, and drag coefficient. We evaluate the hydrodynamics, bed shear stresses, and sediment dynamics for different vegetation scenarios under conditions of low and high river discharge. Model runs vary the vegetation height, density, river discharge, and suspended-sediment concentration. Numerical results from the idealized model show that dense SAV on river mouth bars substantially diverts river discharge into adjacent channels and promotes sediment deposition at ridge margins, as well as upstream bar migration. Increasing vegetation height and density forms sandier bars closer to the river mouth and alteration of the bar shape. Thus, this study highlights the important role of SAV in shaping estuarine geomorphology, which is especially relevant for coastal management. © 2019 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

Debris-flow Indicator for an early warning system in the Aosta valley region     

Ponziani  Michel  Pogliotti  Paolo  Stevenin  Hervé  Ratto  Sara Maria 《Natural Hazards》2020,104(2):1819-1839

Natural Hazards - Aosta Valley, an Alpine region in north-western Italy, has an early warning system (EWS) that issues hydrogeological alerts based on hydrological modelling and rainfall thresholds...  相似文献   

Reliability based assessment of axial pile bearing capacity: static analysis,SPT and CPT-based methods     

Sara Heidarie Golafzani  Abolfazl Eslami 《Georisk: Assessment and Management of Risk for Engineered Systems and Geohazards》2020,14(3):216-230

ABSTRACT

Since piles are one of the major geotechnical foundation systems, estimation of their axial bearing capacity is of great importance. Employing different design methods, resulting in a wide range of bearing capacity estimations, complicates the selection of an appropriate design scheme and confirms the existence of model error along with the inherent soil variability in bearing capacity prediction. This paper tends to evaluate different predictive methods in Reliability-Based Design (RBD) framework. In this regard, different static analyses, SPT and CPT-based methods are considered to evaluate which approaches collectively and which method individually, have more reliable predictions for compiled data bank. In order to assess reliability indices and resistance factors, two approaches have been considered, i.e. First Order Second Moment method (FOSM) and First Order Reliability Method (FORM). To investigate the reliability indices for different methods in both RBD approaches, various safety factors and loading ratios have been considered. Also, the Load and Resistance Factor Design (LRFD) resistance factors are calibrated for different target reliability indices and loading ratios. Results show that CPT-based methods are more reliable among other methods. Furthermore, the estimated efficiency ratio, i.e. the ratio of resistance factor to resistance bias factor, confirms this agreement.  相似文献   

Policy options to streamline the carbon market for agricultural nitrous oxide emissions     

Meredith T. Niles  Hannah Waterhouse  Robert Parkhurst  Eileen L. McLellan  Sara Kroopf 《Climate Policy》2019,19(7):893-907

The majority of emissions of nitrous oxide – a potent greenhouse gas (GHG) – are from agricultural sources, particularly nitrogen fertilizer applications. A growing focus on these emission sources has led to the development in the United States of GHG offset protocols that could enable payment to farmers for reducing fertilizer use or implementing other nitrogen management strategies. Despite the development of several protocols, the current regional scope is narrow, adoption by farmers is low, and policy implementation of protocols has a significant time lag. Here we utilize existing research and policy structures to propose an ‘umbrella’ approach for nitrogen management GHG emissions protocols that has the potential to streamline the policy implementation and acceptance of such protocols. We suggest that the umbrella protocol could set forth standard definitions common across multiple protocol options, and then modules could be further developed as scientific evidence advances. Modules could be developed for specific crops, regions, and practices. We identify a policy process that could facilitate this development in concert with emerging scientific research and conclude by acknowledging potential benefits and limitations of the approach.

Key policy insights

• Agricultural greenhouse gas market options are growing, but are still underutilized

• Streamlining protocol development through an umbrella process could enable quicker development of protocols across new crops, regions, and practices

• Effective protocol development must not compromise best available science and should follow a rigorous pathway to ensure appropriate implementation

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The nexus between nationally determined contributions and technology needs assessments: a global analysis     

Lindy Charlery  Sara Lærke Meltofte Trærup 《Climate Policy》2019,19(2):189-205

The role of technology in combatting climate change through mitigation and adaptation to its inevitable impacts has been acknowledged and highlighted by the Parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). In the developing world, this has received particular attention through the technology needs assessment (TNA) process. As Parties put forward their national pledges to combat climate change, the scarcity of resources makes it important to assess (i) whether national processes designed to tackle climate change are working together and (ii) whether existing national processes should be terminated with the initiation of new ones. This study presents an assessment of the existing TNA process and its linkages to the nationally determined contributions (NDCs) under the Paris Agreement. The conclusions stem from an assessment of the TNAs completed to date, as well as 71 NDCs from developing countries at various stages of the TNA process. The analyses show that further developing the TNAs could play a vital role in filling gaps in the existing NDCs, specifically those relating to identifying appropriate technologies, their required enabling framework conditions and preparing implementation plans for their transfer and diffusion.

Key policy insights

• The full potential of the TNAs has still to be rolled out in many countries.

• Developing countries can maximize the potential of their TNAs by further developing them to explicitly analyse what is needed to implement existing NDCs, including by better aligning their focus, scope and up-to-dateness with the priority sectors included in the NDCs.

• Requests of developing countries for international assistance, through technology transfer, will be better guided by the completion of the TNA process.

• Policies for strengthening the NDCs will benefit from the results of completed, ongoing and future TNA processes.

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Perceived fairness and public acceptability of carbon pricing: a review of the literature     

Sara Maestre-Andrés  Stefan Drews  Jeroen van den Bergh 《Climate Policy》2019,19(9):1186-1204

While carbon pricing is widely seen as a crucial element of climate policy and has been implemented in many countries, it also has met with strong resistance. We provide a comprehensive overview of public perceptions of the fairness of carbon pricing and how these affect policy acceptability. To this end, we review evidence from empirical studies on how individuals judge personal, distributional and procedural aspects of carbon taxes and cap-and-trade. In addition, we examine preferences for particular redistributive and other uses of revenues generated by carbon pricing and their role in instrument acceptability. Our results indicate a high concern over distributional effects, particularly in relation to policy impacts on poor people, in turn reducing policy acceptability. In addition, people show little trust in the capacities of governments to put the revenues of carbon pricing to good use. Somewhat surprisingly, most studies do not indicate clear public preferences for using revenues to ensure fairer policy outcomes, notably by reducing its regressive effects. Instead, many people prefer using revenues for ‘environmental projects’ of various kinds. We end by providing recommendations for improving public acceptability of carbon pricing. One suggestion to increase policy acceptability is combining the redistribution of revenue to vulnerable groups with the funding for environmental projects, such as on renewable energy.

Key policy insights

• If people perceive carbon pricing instruments as fair, this increases policy acceptability and support.

• People’s satisfaction with information provided by the government about the policy instrument increases acceptability.

• While people express high concern over uneven distribution of the policy burden, they often prefer using carbon pricing revenues for environmental projects instead of compensation for inequitable outcomes.

• Recent studies find that people’s preferences shift to using revenues for making policy fairer if they better understand the functioning of carbon pricing, notably that relatively high prices of CO₂-intensive goods and services reduce their consumption.

• Combining the redistribution of revenue to support both vulnerable groups and environmental projects, such as on renewable energy, seems to most increase policy acceptability.

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Hazardous air pollutants and flooding: a comparative interurban study of environmental injustice   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Sara Grineski  Timothy W. Collins  Jayajit Chakraborty  Marilyn Montgomery 《GeoJournal》2015,80(1):145-158

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Links between teleconnection patterns and mean temperature in Spain     

David Ríos-Cornejo  Ángel Penas  Ramón Álvarez-Esteban  Sara del Río 《Theoretical and Applied Climatology》2015,122(1-2):1-18

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