Incorporation,distribution and fate of saturated petroleum hydrocarbons in sediments from a controlled marine ecosystem     

Terry L. Wade  James G. Quinn 《Marine environmental research》1980,3(1):15-33

A simulation of a chronic input of petroleum into an estuarine environment was investigated using the facilities at the Marine Ecosystems Research Laboratory at the University of Rhode Island. An oil-water dispersion of No. 2 fuel oil was added to the system (twice weekly for 24 weeks) and the saturated hydrocarbons from this oil were measured in suspended material and sediments. After the initial chronic oil addition, trace amounts of hydrocarbons were detected in the sediments within two weeks, but substantial accumulation was not detected for approximately 135 days. The oil appeared to enter the sediment via the suspended material, with most of the saturated hydrocarbons associated with smaller size sediment particles (< 45 μm to > 0·3 μm). With time, the fuel oil saturated hydrocarbons in the sediments were mixed to a depth of 3 to 4 cm. Although only 12% of the total saturated hydrocarbons added to the system were found in the sediments, these hydrocarbons appear to be relatively stable and were still detectable in these sediments for at least six months after the last oil addition.  相似文献   

NOAA gulf of Mexico status and trends program: Trace organic contaminant distribution in sediments and oysters     

T. L. Wade  E. L. Atlas  J. M. Brooks  M. C. Kennicutt  R. G. Fox  J. Sericano  B. Garcia-Romero  D. DeFreitas 《Estuaries and Coasts》1988,11(3):171-179

Polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), chlorinated pesticides, and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB) concentrations were determined in sediment and oysters to provide information on the current status of the concentration of these contaminants in Gulf of Mexico coastal areas removed from point sources of input. Coprostanol analyses of sediments showed that anthropogenic materials are associated with the sediments at all 153 stations sampled. The levels of contaminants encountered are low compared with areas of known contamination. Average PAH concentrations are nearly the same in oysters and sediments, although the molecular weight distribution is different. Average DDT and PCB concentrations are higher by a factor of 10 to 130 in oysters as compared to sediments. Continued sampling and analyses will allow for long-term trends in the concentrations of these contaminants to be determined.  相似文献   

Tidal river sediments in the Washington,D.C. area. III. Biological effects associated with sediment contamination     

Christian E. Schlekat  Beth L. McGee  Eli Reinharz  David J. Velinsky  Terry L. Wade 《Estuaries and Coasts》1994,17(2):334-344

Sediment toxicity and benthic macroinvertebrate community structure were measured as one component of a study cohceived to determine the distribution and effect of sediment contamination in tidal freshwater portions of the Potomac and Anacostia rivers in the Washington, D.C., area. Samples were collected at 15 sites. Analyses included a partial life cycle (28 d) whole sediment test using the amphipod Hyalella azteca (Talitridae) and an assessment of benthic community structure. Survival and growth (as estimated by amphipod length) were experimental endopoints for the toxicity test. Significant mortality was observed in 5 of 10 sites in the lower Anacostia River basin and at the main channel Potomac River site. Sublethal toxicity, as measured by inhibition of amphipod growth, was not observed. Toxicity test results were in general agreement with synoptically measured sediment contaminant concentrations. Porewater total ammonia (NH₃+NH₄ ⁺) appears to be responsible for the toxicity of sediments from the Potomac River, while correlation analysis and simultaneously extracted metals: acid volatile sulfide (SEM∶AVS) results suggest that the toxicity associated with Anacostia River sediments was due to organic compounds. Twenty-eight macroinvertebrate taxa were identified among all sites, with richness varying from 5 to 17 taxa per site. Groups of benthic assemblages identified by group-average cluster analysis exhibited variable agreement with sediment chemical and sediment toxicity results. Integration of toxicological, chemical, and ecological components suggests that adverse environmental effects manifest in the lower Anacostia River benthos result from chemical contamination of sediment.  相似文献   

Authigenic aluminium phosphate-sulphates in sandstones of the Mitterberg Formation, Northern Calcareous Alps, Austria     

CHRISTOPH SPÖTL 《Sedimentology》1990,37(5):837-845

Complex aluminium phosphate-sulphate minerals of the hinsdalite group have been identified as early diagenetic precipitates in Late Permian sandstones of the Northern Calcareous Alps, western Austria. According to their chemical composition they can be regarded as solid solutions between woodhouseite, svanbergite, crandallite and goyazite. The model proposed for their origin involves the dissolution of detrital apatite in a low-pH environment and subsequent precipitation of aluminium phosphate-sulphate minerals, which clearly pre-date syntaxial quartz cementation of the sediment. Their occurrence probably has been overlooked in other sandstones showing diagenetic apatite dissolution. The recognition of such minerals could provide a significant insight into early phosphate diagenesis.  相似文献   

Formation of ¹⁸O-depleted dolomite within a marine evaporitic sequence, Triassic Reichenhall Formation, Austria     

CHRISTOPH SPÖTL  STEPHEN J. BURNS 《Sedimentology》1991,38(6):1041-1057

Dark grey, bituminous dolostones interbedded with marine-derived anhydrite horizons occur in the Triassic Reichenhall Formation of western Austria. Fossils are rare and indicate a hostile, hypersaline depositional environment. The dolomites are finely crystalline, fairly stoichiometric, well ordered and non-ferroan. Closely spaced samples (94 in total) of individual dolomite units have been analysed for their carbon and oxygen isotopic composition. The data indicate surprisingly low δ¹⁸O values (-5.7 to -2.1%₀ PDB), whereas the δ¹³C values are comparable to the contemporary Triassic seawater (+0.2 to +2.6%₀ PDB). Sedimentological evidence, including (i) lack of any evidence for extensive dissolution, (ii) distinct oxygen and carbon isotope ratios of individual dolomite units, (iii) covariance of carbon and oxygen isotopes within some dolomite layers and (iv) inclusions of celestite in dolomite, indicates a nearly closed system after early diagenesis. Combining this information with water-rock interaction calculations suggests that the lightest oxygen isotope compositions are the result of freshwater influx into the basin during very early dolomite formation. A secondary factor may be dolomite recrystallization at elevated temperatures during burial.  相似文献   

Gulf of Mexico hydrocarbon seep communities—IX. Sterol biosynthesis of seep mussels and its implications for host-symbiont association     

Jiasong Fang  Paul A. Comet  Terry L. Wade  James M. Brooks 《Organic Geochemistry》1992,18(6)

The sterol analysis of six hydrocarbon seep mussels (mytilid II and mytilid Ib) from the Alaminos Canyon in the Gulf of Mexico is reported. The sterol composition of the mussel-symbiotic bacteria complex reflects a preponderant synthesis of 4α-methyl sterols (seep mytilid II), and a predominant biosynthesis of 4-desmethyl sterols with some amounts of 4α-methyl sterols (seep mytilid Ib). This suggests a methane-based symbiotic relationship between the mussels and methanotrophic bacteria. It also suggests that the biosynthesis of sterols in the mussel-bacteria complex is completed to the level of cholest-5-en-3ß-ol (mytilid II) or 5α-cholestan-3ß-ol (mytilid Ib).  相似文献   

The magnetic field and wind confinement of β Cephei: new clues for interpreting the Be phenomenon?     

J.-F. Donati  G.A. Wade  J. Babel  H_f. Henrichs  J.A. de Jong  T.J. Harries 《Monthly notices of the Royal Astronomical Society》2001,326(4):1265-1278

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