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Dogan Gamze Ecemis Ali Serdar Korkmaz Serra Zerrin Arslan Musa Hakan Korkmaz Hasan Husnu 《Natural Hazards》2021,109(1):161-200
A 6.8-magnitude earthquake that occurred on January 24, 2020, has been effective in Turkey’s eastern regions. The earthquake, with recorded peak ground acceleration (PGA) value of 0.292 g, caused the destruction or heavy damage of buildings, especially in the city center of Elaz?? province. The purpose of this paper was to share the results of detailed investigation in the earthquake-stricken area. Additionally, the causes of damages and failures observed in the buildings were compared to those that had occurred in previous earthquakes in Turkey. In this study, the damages observed in especially RC buildings as well as in masonry and rural buildings were summarized, the lessons learned were evaluated, and the results were interpreted with reference to Turkish earthquake codes. In the study, it was particularly emphasized why the building stock underwent such damage even though the buildings were exposed to earthquake acceleration well below the design acceleration values.
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Inorganic industrial waste landfills have the potential to contaminate subsurface groundwater supplies through migration of leachates down to the water table and into groundwater aquifers, despite the use of compacted low permeability clay or polyethene liners. This paper aims the removal of Cu2+ and Zn2+ in the leachate from an industrial waste landfill using natural materials (natural zeolite, expanded vermiculite, pumice, illite, kaolinite, and bentonite) as a liner material. Cu2+ and Zn2+ concentrations for all treatments decreased during the process. Of all the different natural materials, natural zeolite, expanded vermiculite and pumice, with bentonite, were effective in removing Cu2+ and Zn2+ present in the leachate. However, the use of illite and kaolinite with bentonite as liner materials could be of disadvantage in Cu2+ and Zn2+ removal from leachate. The adsorption kinetic models were also tested for the validity. The second order kinetics with the high correlation coefficients best described adsorption kinetic data. 相似文献
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Improving the Quality of Municipal Solid Waste Compost by Using Expanded Perlite and Natural Zeolite
The scope of this study was to investigate the effects of natural zeolite and expanded perlite on the quality of municipal solid waste compost. Various ratios of the materials were added as supplements to the organic fraction of municipal solid waste. These applications were periodically compared with an untreated control process. The results obtained from experimental studies clearly showed that municipal solid waste collected from the metropolitan city center of Samsun, Turkey could not be composted without any additions due to the very high moisture content, which reached up to 75–80%. In the untreated control process, thermophilic temperatures were not supported during the composting. In this system, ammonia and other odors became a problem because of the high pH levels, and the electrical conductivity was too high for aged compost. However, the addition of natural zeolite and expanded perlite had a positive affect on the quality of the final compost. Natural zeolite trapped ammonium and reduced nitrogen losses from the compost. Expanded perlite held excess moisture and supported improved aeration. The results also indicated that the use of natural zeolite together with expanded perlite in municipal solid waste composting processes produced mature and stable compost. 相似文献
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The purpose of this work is the removal of basic dyes (Safranine T and Brilliant Green) from aqueous media by depolymerization products (DP) obtained from aminoglycolysis of waste poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET). The surface morphology and physical properties of depolymerization product were also determined. Adsorption behaviors (adsorption capacities, adsorption kinetics and adsorption isotherms) of these samples were realized at room temperature. Then, the amounts of residual dye concentrations were measured using Visible Spectrophotometer at 530 and 618 nm for Safranine T (ST) and Brilliant Green (BG), respectively. All adsorption experiments were carried out for different depolymerization products (DP1, DP2, DP3, and DP4). Adsorption capacities of depolymerization products for both of dyes decrease with following order: DP2 > DP4 > DP1 > DP3. The maximum adsorption capacities for ST and BG onto DP2 sample were found to be 29 and 33 mg g?1, respectively. In addition, the adsorption kinetic results show that the pseudo‐second‐order kinetic model is more suitable than pseudo‐first‐order model for the adsorption of basic dyes onto DP samples. Adsorption data were evaluated using Langmuir and Freundlich adsorption isotherm models. The results revealed that the adsorption of basic dyes onto DP sample fit very well Langmuir isotherm model. In conclusion, the depolymerization products of post‐consumer PET bottles can be used as low cost adsorbent for the removal of basic dyes from wastewaters. 相似文献
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The ecological consequences of ocean acidification are unclear due to varying physiological properties of macroalgae and species-specific responses. Therefore, in the present study, we used a laboratory culture experiment to analyse the eco-physiological responses of the Mediterranean subtidal red alga Peyssonnelia squamaria to CO2-induced lower pH. Our results showed an increase in the photosynthetic performance and growth rate of P. squamaria, despite the reduction in CaCO3 content in the low pH treatment. According to our results, we believe that samples exposed to elevated CO2 could be regulated own nitrogen metabolism to support increased growth rate and it may be down-regulated nitrate uptake. As a result, we hypothesize that P. squamaria may benefit from ocean acidification. 相似文献
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Variation in time-to-compliance for pump-and-treat remediation of mass transfer-limited aquifers with hydraulic conductivity heterogeneity 总被引：2，自引：2，他引：0
In this study, the impact of correlation length (λ) of hydraulic conductivity (K) heterogeneity on pump-and-treat (P&T) remediation period (time-to-compliance) for a mass transfer-limited aquifer is evaluated.
Additionally, impacts of variance (σ
2), different distributions of high and low K zones and different initial contaminant masses are explored. Two different P&T policies including different number of wells
pumping at different rates are employed for the investigation. Simulation–optimization approach in which a genetic algorithm
(GA) is linked with a groundwater flow and contaminant transport model is used. Results show that K heterogeneity, in terms of λ
ln K
, sln K2 \sigma_{\ln \,K}^{2} and respective locations of low and high K zones, significantly impacts the time-to-compliance. Contaminant presence at low K zones can increase the time required to clean up the aquifer. Lower variation is observed in time-to-compliance for the remediation
design utilizing higher number of wells pumping at slower rates compared to the design with a single well pumping at a higher
rate. Higher number of wells increases the robustness of P&T remediation system when aquifer is heterogeneous in K. 相似文献
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The use of kaolinite‐based clay minerals as a low‐cost natural adsorbent for the removal of Cu(II) from electroplating waste leachate was studied. Batch experiments were conducted to determine the effects of varying adsorbent loading, initial pH, adsorbent dosage, and contact time. Box–Behnken design with three variables like initial pH, adsorbent dosage, and contact time at three different levels was studied to identify a significant correlation between the effects of these variables to the amount of Cu(II) adsorbed. The methodology identifies the principal experimental variables, which have the greatest effect on the adsorption process. After optimizing the input variables by using Simplex algorithm, the adsorption of Cu(II) was maximal (99.9% with a maximum (positive) standard deviation of 9.4) at pH 6.24, adsorbent dosage of 0.83 g L?1, and contact time of 97 min, respectively. Furthermore, the experimental values are in good agreement with predicted values, the correlation coefficient and adjusted correlation coefficients were found to be 0.96 and 0.87, respectively. 相似文献
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In this study, various amounts of oxygen were added to the anaerobic phase of an anaerobic‐aerobic sequencing batch reactor (SBR) receiving azo dye remazol brilliant violet 5R to mimic the input of oxygen into the anaerobic zones of biological textile wastewater treatment plants. The effect of oxygen on the anaerobic biodegradative capability of the mixed microbial culture for remazol brilliant violet 5R was investigated. To investigate the effect of oxygen on anaerobic azo dye biodegradation, the anaerobic phase of the SBR cultures were exposed to a very low limited amount of oxygen for various air flow rates. Initially, an air flow rate of 20 mL/min was applied, further on the air flow rate in the anaerobic phase was increased up to 40 mL/min. System performance was determined by monitoring chemical oxygen demand, color removal rate, activities of anaerobic (azo reductase) and aerobic enzymes (catechol 2,3‐dioxygenase, catechol 1,2‐dioxygenase). The results of percentage COD reduction at each stage were similar for all runs, giving an overall reduction of 96%. Anaerobic color removal efficiency and azo reductase activity of anaerobic microorganisms were adversely affected by the addition of oxygen. Color removal efficiencies of the anaerobic phases decreased from 80% down to 42 and 38% for the limited oxygen conditions of 20 mL/min and 40 mL/min, respectively. It was observed that the activity of catechol 2,3‐dioxygenase and catechol 1,2‐dioxygenase, involved in breakage of aromatic rings, increased after they are exposed to oxygen limited conditions compared to fully anaerobic conditions. It was also observed that catechol 1,2‐dioxygenase enzyme activity increased by increasing the oxygen level on oxygen limited conditions in the anaerobic zone. 相似文献