Exposure of the scallop Placopecten magellanicus (Gmelin) to sublethal copper and cadmium: Effects on the reproductive effort     

E. Gould  R.J. Thompson  L.J. Buckley 《Marine environmental research》1985,17(2-4)

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(Re)surveying the uses of Geographical Information Systems in Health Authorities 1991–2001     

Darren P Smith  Myles I Gould  Gary Higgs† 《Area》2003,35(1):74-83

This paper provides a comparative analysis of two separate national surveys of the uptake and use of Geographical Information Systems (GIS) by Health Authorities (HAs) in England and Wales. The surveys were undertaken at two different time points (1991 and 2001), and the intervening period has been characterized by major (and continuing) health sector restructuring. The substantial number of HA mergers between 1991 and 2001 provide a methodological challenge in attempting to make comparisons. A pragmatic approach is adopted and the presentation of results has to be restricted solely to English and Welsh HA data. Our findings show that there has been a considerable increase in the use of GIS since the early 1990s, and there is some evidence of more sophisticated uses for a wider range of policy-related and application tasks. However, we conclude that there is still considerable scope for the wider uptake and use of GIS within the NHS. In addition, our findings provide a baseline with which to monitor the impacts of future organizational restructuring on the uses of GIS within the NHS. We suggest that this is important given the replacement of 95 English HAs with 28 new Strategic HAs (StHAs) from April 2002, and the repercussions of the anticipated shift in GIS responsibility to Primary Care Trusts.  相似文献   

From taxonomies to ontologies: formalizing generalization knowledge for on-demand mapping     

Nicholas Gould  William Mackaness 《制图学和地理信息科学》2016,43(3):208-222

Automation of the cartographic design process is central to the delivery of bespoke maps via the web. In this paper, ontological modeling is used to explicitly represent and articulate the knowledge used in this decision-making process. A use case focuses on the visualization of road traffic accident data as a way of illustrating how ontologies provide a framework by which salient and contextual information can be integrated in a meaningful manner. Such systems are in anticipation of web-based services in which the user knows what they need, but do not have the cartographic ability to get what they want.  相似文献   

Distribution, source and evolution of nitrate in a glacial till of southern Alberta, Canada     

M.J. Hendry  R.G.L. McCready  W.D. Gould 《Journal of Hydrology》1984,70(1-4):177-198

This paper addresses the distribution, origin and controls upon nitrate in a 30-km² area of the Interior Great Plains Region of southern Alberta, Canada. High concentrations of nitrate (> 100 mg l⁻¹ NO⁻₃-N) occurred in several isolated enclaves below the water table in brown weathered till. Nitrate concentrations of over 300 mg l⁻¹-N were encountered in groundwater samples collected from these enclaves. Low nitrate concentrations (< 1.1 mg l⁻¹ NO⁻₃-N) were also encountered in the weathered till upgradient and downgradient of the nitrate enclaves. Groundwater samples collected from the underlying grey nonweathered till and bedrock had NO⁻₃-N concentrations of < 1.1 mg l⁻¹.

Through the application of geochemical (NO⁻₃-N and NH⁺₄-N) studies, environmental isotope studies (tritium), microbial analyses (nitrifiers) and laboratory experiments, it was shown that the high nitrates found in the weathered till are the result of the oxidation of ammonium present within the tills. It is postulated that this oxidation occurred during the Holocene epoch when water tables were much lower than present-day levels (5–18 m, and 2 m below ground, respectively).

Through the use of Eh measurements, the enumeration of denitrifying bacteria and laboratory experiments, the potential for denitrification was shown to exist below the present-day water table in the weathered till as well as in the nonweathered till and bedrock. Isotopic data showed that less denitrification may be occurring within the nitrate enclaves than in adjacent downgradient areas.  相似文献   

The PLANET microlensing follow-up network: results and prospects for the detection of extra-solar planets     

M. Dominik  M.D. AlbrowJ.-P. Beaulieu  J.A.R. CaldwellD.L. DePoy  B.S. GaudiA. Gould  J. GreenhillK. Hill  S. KaneR. Martin  J. MenziesR.M. Naber  J.-W. PelR.W. Pogge  K.R. PollardP.D. Sackett  K.C. SahuP. Vermaak  R. WatsonA. Williams 《Planetary and Space Science》2002,50(3):299-307

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The stable isotope geochemistry of Australian coals     

J. W. Smith  K. W. Gould  D. Rigby 《Organic Geochemistry》1981,3(4):111-131

D/H, ¹³C/¹²C, ¹⁸O/¹⁶O and ³⁴S/³²S ratios in the organic matrix and organic solvent extracts of Australian coals, and in the fluids and minerals associated with these coals, are reported and reviewed against similar isotopic data for coals from other regions.Where coals are immature, original isotopic differences between macrolithotypes, and between solvent extracts (lipid concentrates) and insoluble residues, are largely preserved. However, with increasing maturity these characteristic differences, particularly those between macrolithotypes, are rapidly erased. Conversely, where, as indicated by low total sulfur contents, coals of Cretaceous to Permian age were deposited under essentially freshwater conditions, δ³⁴S values^* for the organically-bound sulfur remain remarkably constant at +4 ± 3‰ relative to meteoritic sulfur. In similar, younger Tertiary coals, the organic sulfur is markedly enriched in ³⁴S.Five distinctive isotopic patterns, which may be interpreted in terms of the environment of sulfate reduction, can be recognized from ³⁴S/³²S ratio measurements on the various forms of sulfur in Australian coals.Isotopic studies of seam gas hydrocarbons collected in situ show these to be unexpectedly strongly depleted in the heavier isotopes of hydrogen and carbon relative to natural gases from proposed humic sources. Furthermore, no pronounced increase in the ¹³C content in methane with increase in rank of the parent coal was observed. In addition, several sources of associated carbon dioxide have been delineated, including normal maturation processes, invasion of the seams by magnetic carbon dioxide, and interaction of the coal with intrusive magma.Isotopic exchange between free seam gases is not accepted as an explanation for some unusual isotopic fractionations seen, rather the data suggest that these gases may be formed in a state approaching isotopic equilibrium. This argument also satisfactorily explains the isotopic compositions of primary siderite and secondary calcite associated with bituminous coal seams. However, where seams are invaded and permeated with externally derived carbon dioxide, usually of magnetic origin, carbonates are frequently absent, presumably as a result of the action of carbonic acid.  相似文献   

Stresses in column-supported hyperboloidal shells subject to seismic loading     

Phillip L. Gould  Herman Suryoutomo  Subir K. Sen 《地震工程与结构动力学》1977,5(1):1-14

The computation of stresses within a finite element displacement method analysis of a shell of revolution is considered. The common procedure of applying the kinematic and constitutive laws to the displacement functions is examined and justified for models where the displacements are represented by high-order polynomial expansions. Also, two alternative computational formats within this technique are explored. The influence of the column-supported base condition on a hyperboloidal shell of revolution is studied with respect to the stresses calculated from a response spectrum analysis. These studies emphasize the importance of accurately modelling the base region of a column-supported shell such as a hyperbolic cooling tower.  相似文献   

Some steineresque comments,and monodian asides on geography in Europe     

Peter Gould 《Geoforum》1974,5(1):9-13

The question of whether geography is an art or a science is discussed within the context of comments made by Steiner about the current state of literary criticism. Several problems of geographic development parallel this situation. Problems of translation go beyond the common meaning of the word, and include questions of teaching and public communication. Mapping is seen as a fundamental act of human enquiry. The lack of even elementary mathematical training has severe consequences, because new perspectives are difficult to achieve. These are illustrated by the work of Wilson, with analogies drawn from Monod.  相似文献   

The Angstrom Project: a microlensing survey of the structure and composition of the bulge of the Andromeda galaxy     

E. Kerins  M. J. Darnley  J. P. Duke  A. Gould  C. Han  Y.-B. Jeon  A. Newsam  B.-G. Park 《Monthly notices of the Royal Astronomical Society》2006,365(4):1099-1108

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Book reviews     

Andreas Berkner  Erdmann Gormsen  Wolf Tietze  Herman Th. Verstappen  J. Sündermann  Peter Gould 《GeoJournal》1990,21(1-2):103-104

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