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1.
Raymond M. Valente Donald C. Rhoads Joseph D. Germano Victor J. Cabelli 《Estuaries and Coasts》1992,15(1):1-17
A synoptic reconnaissance survey was performed over a five-day period in August 1988 to assess benthic habitat quality throughout Narragansett Bay, Rhode Island, using REMOTS® sediment-profile photography and analysis in combination with measurements of the levels ofClostridium perfringens spores (a fecal indicator) in sediments. Three main areas of degraded benthic habitat quality related to either excessive organic enrichment or physical disturbance were identified based solely on the REMOTS® analysis: the Providence River Reach, Greenwich Bay and its associated coves and harbors, and an area located along the southwest side of Prudence Island. Sediments at many stations in these areas exhibited shallow apparent redox-potential discontinuity (RPD) depths, high apparent oxygen demand, and low-order benthic successional stages. ElevatedClostridium perfringens spore counts in surface sediments were attributed to inputs from wastewater treatment facilities. The highest spore counts occurred at the head of the bay, where wastewater treatment discharges and associated combined sewer overflows are numerous. Using data from the REMOTS® analysis and the sediment inventory ofC. perfringens spores, a distinction was made between organic enrichment of the bottom from sewage, versus nonsewage enrichment or physical disturbance. The combination of techniques employed in this investigation could be used to design more efficient monitoring programs to assess eutrophication effects in estuaries and determine the effectiveness of regulatory or management initiatives to reduce organic overenrichment of benthic habitats. 相似文献
2.
A new protocol was devised to improve the efficiency of astrometric follow-up observations of Near Earth Asteroids for the
accurate determination of their orbits. It was implemented in the activities of the Spaceguard Central Node (SCN, a facility
of the Spaceguard Foundation, established with the support of the European Space Agency) in the form of a Priority List. Here
we describe this protocol and results obtained during five years of activity (2000–2004). 相似文献
3.
Orbital and mission planning constraints for the deflection of NEOs impacting on Earth 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
This paper is the third in a series. Paper 1 presented the results of numerical modeling of deflections of NEOs in route of collision with the Earth. The model was applied to a variety of dynamical cases including both asteroidal and cometary NEOs. Paper 2 introduced the concept of “distributed deflection,” i.e., the possibility to provide the ΔV necessary to deflect an object with a succession of maneuvers each of which would have been insufficient per se to obtain the desired result. In both papers no assumptions were made on the physical composition and structure of the NEO, nor on the details of the possible deflection maneuvers from the point of view of mission analysis. Moreover, ΔV-plots were computed assuming only along-track impulses (both in the positive and negative directions), because it is easy to demonstrate that in general this is energetically the most favorable configuration. Also in the present paper no assumptions were made on the physical composition and structure of the NEO, even if order of magnitude considerations are made on the physical feasibility of a deflection, in terms of the internal strength of the NEO. We present here the results of an investigation on the mission requirements necessary to deflect an object (or contribute to a succession of deflecting maneuvers) in terms of accessibility of the spacecraft terminal orbit from Earth with the current launchers. 相似文献
4.
In recent years, a number of constitutive models have been proposed to describe mathematically the mechanical response of natural clays. Some of these models are characterized by complex formulations, often leading to non‐trivial problems in their numerical integration in finite elements codes. The paper describes a fully implicit stress‐point algorithm for the numerical integration of a single‐surface mixed isotropic–kinematic hardening plasticity model for structured clays. The formulation of the model stems from a compromise between its capability of reproducing the larger number of features characterizing the behaviour of structured clays and the possibility of developing a robust integration algorithm for its implementation in a finite elements code. The model is characterized by an ellipsoid‐shaped yield function, inside which a stress‐dependent reversible stiffness is accounted for by a non‐linear hyperelastic formulation. The isotropic part of the hardening law extends the standard Cam‐Clay one to include plastic strain‐driven softening due to bond degradation, while the kinematic hardening part controls the evolution of the position of the yield surface in the stress space. The proposed algorithm allows the consistent linearization of the constitutive equations guaranteeing the quadratic rate of asymptotic convergence in the global‐level Newton–Raphson iterative procedure. The accuracy and the convergence properties of the proposed algorithm are evaluated with reference to the numerical simulations of single element tests and the analysis of a typical geotechnical boundary value problem. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
5.
Pore water testing and analysis: the good,the bad,and the ugly 总被引：8，自引：0，他引：8
The increasingly common practice of collecting and assessing sediment pore water as a primary measure of sediment quality is reviewed. Good features of this practice include: pore water is a key exposure route for some organisms associated with sediments; pore water testing eliminates particle size effects; pore water analyses and tests can provide useful information regarding contamination and pollution. Bad features include: pore water is not the only exposure route; pore water tests lack chemical or biological realism: their "sensitivity" relative to other tests may be meaningless due to manipulation and laboratory artifacts; many sediment and surface dwelling organisms are not directly influenced by pore water. Bad features can become ugly if: other exposure pathways are not considered (for toxicity or bioaccumulation); manipulation techniques are not appropriate; pore water tests are inappropriately linked to population-level effects. Pore water testing and analyses can be effective tools provided their limitations are well understood by researchers and managers. 相似文献
6.
Roberto Wagner Lourenço Paulo M. Barbosa Landim André Henrique Rosa José Arnaldo F. Roveda Antonio César Germano Martins Leonardo Fernandes Fraceto 《Environmental Earth Sciences》2010,60(3):495-504
Spatial analysis and fuzzy classification techniques were used to estimate the spatial distributions of heavy metals in soil.
The work was applied to soils in a coastal region that is characterized by intense urban occupation and large numbers of different
industries. Concentrations of heavy metals were determined using geostatistical techniques and classes of risk were defined
using fuzzy classification. The resulting prediction mappings identify the locations of high concentrations of Pb, Zn, Ni,
and Cu in topsoils of the study area. The maps show that areas of high pollution of Ni and Cu are located at the northeast,
where there is a predominance of industrial and agricultural activities; Pb and Zn also occur in high concentrations in the
northeast, but the maps also show significant concentrations of Pb and Zn in other areas, mainly in the central and southeastern
parts, where there are urban leisure activities and trade centers. Maps were also prepared showing levels of pollution risk.
These maps show that (1) Cu presents a large pollution risk in the north–northwest, midwest, and southeast sectors, (2) Pb
represents a moderate risk in most areas, (3) Zn generally exhibits low risk, and (4) Ni represents either low risk or no
risk in the studied area. This study shows that combining geostatistics with fuzzy theory can provide results that offer insight
into risk assessment for environmental pollution. 相似文献
7.
We know that risk analysis is based on the estimation of catastrophic events. Now to obtain a good estimation we must create
suitable model of the risk. With samples of data we can use different mathematical models as linear or non linear regression
methods, neural network methods, genetic methods and more recent hybrid models consisting of the information diffusion approximate
reasoning method and back propagation neural network. In this paper, we present a new frame-work denoted morphogenetic system
to study risk analysis. We show that morphogenetic system is a generalization of the tensor calculus used to formalize the
non Euclidean geometrical representation. Now, we take suggestion from the electrical circuit analysis to create the morphogenetic
model for the estimation. In the electrical circuit, we have the vector of voltages and vector of currents. The relation between
voltages and currents is given by Ohms rule and the impedance matrix. The relation is a multi input and multi output (MIMO)
system given a set of samples for voltages and currents we can estimate the impedance matrix of the circuit. Now, we know
that the electrical circuit is controlled by a limited set of voltage or current sources. The aim of this papers is to give
the rule by which from arbitrary voltages in the circuit we compute the voltage sources and also the associated current sources.
We also give the method to compute the currents by the current sources and also the voltages by the impedance matrix. All
the process from arbitrary voltages, voltage sources, current sources, current in the circuit and voltage in the circuit is
denoted the projection operator in the morphogenetic system. Electrical circuits are a prototype of the morphogenetic system.
We show that fuzzy inferential processes can be modeled by morphogenetic systems to improve models to estimate risks. 相似文献
8.
Andrea Boattini Germano D’Abramo Giovanni B. Valsecchi Andrea Carusi Andrea Di Paola Fabrizio Bernardi Robert Jedicke Alan W. Harris Elisabetta Dotto Fiore De Luise Davide Perna Riccardo Leoni 《Earth, Moon, and Planets》2007,100(3-4):259-271
The Campo Imperatore Near Earth Object Survey (CINEOS) is an Italian survey dedicated to the search and follow-up of Near Earth Objects (NEOs). It is operated with the 90 cm f/3 Schmidt telescope at the Campo Imperatore of the Rome Astronomical Observatory (INAF-OAR) as a joint project with the Istituto di Astrofisica Spaziale and Fisica Cosmica (INAF-IASF) in Rome. Since the end of 2001 CINEOS has covered about 4,250 sq. deg to 20th magnitude in the course of about 160 nights. This effort led to the discovery of 7 Near Earth Asteroids (NEAs), 1 comet (167P/CINEOS; a member of the Centaur group) and a few other unusual objects including 2004 XH50 with a unique comet-like orbit. CINEOS has also contributed almost 2,200 preliminary designations and over 30,000 detections to the Minor Planet Center. About 20% of the survey effort was carried out at low solar elongations (LSE), although no object with an orbit interior (Inner Earth Objects, IEO class) or nearly interior to the Earth (Aten class) was found. The work at LSE was, however, very important to test survey strategies implemented with larger telescopes. We also provide the results of a CINEOS simulation on a reliable NEO population model based on the results of two larger scale surveys, Spacewatch and LINEAR. 相似文献
9.
Jânia Duha Germano Bruno Afonso Luiz Danilo Damasceno Ferreira 《Journal of Geodesy》2006,80(12):665-674
Highly precise satellite-derived coordinates depend on accurate orbit predictions, which cannot be achieved with purely empirical models. Global positioning system (GPS) satellites undergo several periodic perturbing forces that have to be modeled and understood. In this scenario, small non-gravitational forces can no longer be neglected when the purpose of the orbital analysis is to obtain accurate results (Vilhena de Moraes 1994). Together with solar radiation pressure, thermal re-emission effects due to solar heating and Earth albedo are the two most important non-gravitational effects. While solar radiation pressure is widely understood, our knowledge about thermal re-emission effects on GPS satellites is in its infancy. Few models have been proposed in recent years and despite the interest of the scientific community, there is a lack of detailed results concerning the magnitude and the behavior of such forces. The aim of this work is to provide a thermal re-emission force model for GPS satellites, simple enough to minimize the problem of modeling a satellite of complex shape with several components on its surface, but accurate enough to provide an estimate of the magnitude and the behavior of these forces, as well as to provide some input to the present knowledge about photon thrust on GPS satellites. Some results of this work point to the fact that thermal re-emission effects are good candidates to partially explain the Y-bias for GPS satellites. 相似文献
10.
Marengo Jose A. Cunha Ana Paula M. A. Nobre Carlos A. Ribeiro Neto Germano G. Magalhaes Antonio R. Torres Roger R. Sampaio Gilvan Alexandre Felipe Alves Lincoln M. Cuartas Luz A. Deusdará Karinne R. L. Álvala Regina C. S. 《Natural Hazards》2020,103(2):2589-2611
Natural Hazards - Historically, during periods of extreme drought, food security in the drylands of the semiarid region of Northeast Brazil (NEB) is under severe risk due to agricultural collapse.... 相似文献