Melt Generation and Fluid Flow in the Thermal Aureole of the Bushveld Complex   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

HARRIS  NIGEL; McMILLAN  ANDY; HOLNESS  MARIAN; UKEN  RON; WATKEYS  MIKE; ROGERS  NICK; FALLICK  ANTHONY 《Journal of Petrology》2003,44(6):1031-1054

Granite sheets emplaced into the migmatite zone of the easterncontact aureole of the Bushveld Complex resulted from fluid-enhanced,incongruent biotite melting of the underlying Silverton Formationshales during prograde metamorphism. Ba concentrations are extremein both the sheets (>1000 ppm) and the hornfels (>800ppm) into which they have been emplaced. We conclude that aBa-rich, hydrothermal fluid induced melting in the aureole,and that fluid transport of Ba²⁺, and to a lesser extent, Sr²⁺and Eu²⁺, persisted in the melt zones under subsolidus conditions.Sr-isotope systematics from high-Ba localities define an errorchronof 2161 ± 106 Ma with an initial (⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr) ratio of0·705 ± 0·001. Metasedimentary rocks unaffectedby fluid infiltration were homogenized at the same time butwith an increased initial ratio, suggesting that whereas isotopehomogenization was achieved between outcrops permeated by fluids,there is no evidence of regional homogenization. Oxygen-isotopecompositions of psammitic metasediments in the aureole are uncorrelatedwith distance from the contact, suggesting the infiltratingfluid equilibrated isotopically with the metasediments. Theirelevated  相似文献   

Ensembles of global ocean analyses for seasonal climate prediction: impact of temperature assimilation     

PHILIPPE ROGEL  ANTHONY T. WEAVER  NICOLAS DAGET  SOPHIE RICCI  ERIC MACHU † 《地球，A辑:动力气象学与海洋学》2005,57(3):375-386

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Crystal-Mush Compaction and the Origin of Pegmatitic Segregation Sheets in a Thick Flood-Basalt Flow in the Mesozoic Hartford Basin, Connecticut   总被引：9，自引：4，他引：5  

PHILPOTTS  ANTHONY R.; CARROLL  MAUREEN; HILL  JAMES M. 《Journal of Petrology》1996,37(4):811-836

Where the Holyoke flood-basalt flow in the Mesozoic HartfordBasin in Connecticut is thick and contains coarse-grained, horizontalsegregation sheets in its central part, the lower part of theflow is strongly depleted in incompatible elements; where theflow is thin and contains no segregation sheets it is homogeneousthroughout. This chemical variation can be explained only throughcompaction of the partly crystallized basalt. The compositionof the segregation sheets shows that they separated from thebasalt following only 33% crystallization. The segregation sheets,however, are clearly intrusive into the basalt, which must thereforehave already formed a crystal mush with finite strength at thislow degree of crystallinity. The incompatible element concentrationsindicate that the partly crystallized basalt underwent as muchas 28% compaction in the lowest 60 m of the flow. Between 60and 130 m above the base of the flow, the crystal mush becamedilated, and eventually ruptured with formation of the segregationsheets. No segregation sheet has a composition indicating separationafter more than 33% crystallization of the basalt. This is interpretedto indicate that compaction ceased at this stage because ofthe increasing strength of the mush and the increasing densityof the fractionating interstitial liquid KEY WORDS: crystal-mush compaction; segregation shtets; flood basalt; tholeiitie; Connecticut ^*e-mail: philpotts{at}geol.uconn.edu  相似文献   

The Panafrican Stratoid Granites of Madagascar: Alkaline Magmatism in a Post-Collisional Extensional Setting   总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6  

NDLEC  ANNE; STEPHENS  EDRYD W.; FALLICK  ANTHONY E. 《Journal of Petrology》1995,36(5):1367-1391

A major alkali province of late Panafrican age occupies centralMadagascar and takes the form of a thick sequence of ‘stratoid’(sheet-like)granites emplaced in a mid-crustal gneissic basement This alkalinemagmatism has been interpreted as a consequence of extensionaltectonics accompanying the collapse of the Mozambique belt.The rocks belong to three petrographic types: subsolvus granites,hypersolvus alkaline granites and syenites. Major and traceelement analyses have typical A-type characteristics. Two distinctmagmatic suites are recognized: a mildly alkaline suite includingall the subsolvus granites and a strongly alkaline suite includingthe hypersolvus alkaline granites and the syenites. We proposethat the mildly alkaline suite was derived from a granodioriticcrustal protolith. Some of the strongly alkaline granites andthe quartz syenites display low ¹⁸O isotopic signatures of around+6.The parental magmas for this suite are most probably of mantlederivation. The more evolved compositions are consistent withcrystal fractionation processes. Contemporaneous alkaline silicicplutonismoccurs in many parts of the Panafrican belt of Eastern Africa;however, sheet-like intrusions have rarely been described. Asa large-scale province, the nearest analogues of the stratoidgranites of Madagascar are the rapakivi granites of earlierProterozoic age in Scandinavia and Greenland. KEY WORDS: alkaline granite; Madagascar; Panafrican; pastcollisional magmatism ^*Corresponding author  相似文献   

Faceted garnets from sandstones of the Munising Formation (Cambrian), northern Michigan: petrographic evidence for their origin by intrastratal dissolution     

JOHN F. SALVINO  MICHAEL ANTHONY VELBEL 《Sedimentology》1989,36(2):371-379

Imbricate wedge marks (facets) on garnets in sandstones of the Cambrian Munising Formation of northern Michigan are associated with mouldic secondary porosity developed at the expense of garnet. Mouldic pores surrounding faceted garnets indicate that garnets in these sandstones have been affected by intrastratal dissolution (retreat of the mineral surface from its original boundaries) rather than by grain enlargement, which would be expected if garnet overgrowths had formed. The association of garnet facets with textural evidence of garnet dissolution proves that garnet facets form by intrastratal dissolution. These results confirm similar findings in other recent studies, and extend the geographic and stratigraphic range of proven occurrences of facet formation by intrastratal dissolution.  相似文献   

Measurements of turbulence in the benthic boundary layer over a gravel bed     

JON J. WILLIAMS  PETER D. THORNE  ANTHONY D. HEATHERSHAW† 《Sedimentology》1989,36(6):959-971

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Ripple formation in combined transdirectional steady and oscillatory flow     

J. S. LEE YOUNG  J. F. A. SLEATH 《Sedimentology》1990,37(3):509-516

Measurements are described of the geometry of ripples formed on beds of sand exposed to a steady current at right angles to an oscillatory flow. Four different sands were studied. The oscillation was produced by an oscillating tray set into the bed of a steady-flow flume. It was observed that straight-crested ripples formed by oscillatory flow would usually develop a ‘serpentine’ form when the superimposed steady current exceeded a certain limit. For amplitudes of the tray velocity U_∞ less than about 0.38 m s^-1 this limit corresponded to U_∞/ū_*c>31, where ū_*c is the shear velocity measured just upstream of the oscillating tray. It is suggested that the serpentine form is caused by the interaction of vortices carried back and forth between adjacent ripples. On this assumption, the wavelength of the serpentine form would be proportional to the product of period of oscillation and near-bed steady current velocity. The present measurements appear to support this hypothesis although there is also evidence that the wavelength is influenced by preferred spacing patterns between vortices. The measurements also show the ratio of the amplitude of the serpentine form to its wavelength to be approximately constant. Empirical relationships are derived relating ripple geometry to flow and sediment properties. It is observed that the influence of Reynolds number and sediment properties on the geometry is very weak. It is suggested that this is typical of ripples formed with relatively low sediment transport rates. It is also found that, under the present experimental conditions, the ripple spacing in the direction of oscillation is almost independent of the magnitude of the steady current and in close agreement with the wavelengths previously measured in an oscillating water tunnel. This suggests that the additional inertia effects associated with oscillating tray rigs were not sufficient to affect bed geometry under the present test conditions.  相似文献   

REPLY     

JON J. WILLIAMS  PETER D. THORNE  ANTHONY D. HEATHERSHAW† 《Sedimentology》1991,38(1):175-177

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COMPUTER MODELING OF VERTICAL SEISMIC PROFILING*     

T. K. YOUNG  C. B. MONASH  R. M. TURPENING 《Geophysical Prospecting》1984,32(5):851-870

There are numerous modeling techniques commonly employed for the computer simulation of seismic wave propagation. The capabilities of these techniques vary according to the theoretical foundations and subsequent approximations upon which the algorithms are based. This paper constitutes a comparative review of seven modeling methods: geometric ray theory, asymptotic ray theory, generalized ray theory, Kirchhoff wave theory, Fourier synthesis, finite differences, and finite elements. These methods can be categorized as ray or wave, acoustic or elastic, and can be contrasted according to their relative abilities to simulate such behavior as wave interference effects, diffractions, and mode conversions. As is implied by their names, geometric ray theory and asymptotic ray theory are both ray methods. The other five methods provide wave theory simulations. Geometric ray theory and Kirchhoff wave theory are normally implemented in acoustic form, while the other methods are readily adapted for computing elastic theory solutions. Generalized ray theory and Fourier synthesis are more limited in the complexity of geological model they can accommodate than are the other techniques. The methods which typically demand the greatest computer resources are the finite-difference and the finite-element techniques. All methods can incorporate at least some multiple events. Diffractions, however, are only inherent in the solutions computed by Kirchhoff wave theory, finite differences and finite elements. Attenuation is readily incorporated in both the Fourier synthesis and the finite-element methods. As an example of the application of seismic modeling, a geological model representative of a typical petroleum exploration target is used to compare vertical seismic profiles calculated by different modeling methods.  相似文献   

Half-graben lacustrine sedimentary rocks of the lower Carboniferous Strathlorne Formation, Horton Group, Cape Breton Island, Nova Scotia, Canada     

ANTHONY P. HAMBLIN 《Sedimentology》1992,39(2):263-284

The Strathlorne Formation is the middle formation of a three-part Horton Group stratigraphy present throughout the post-Acadian Orogeny Maritimes Basin in Atlantic Canada. It is up to 600 m in thickness and is of Tournaisian age. The formation was deposited in a complex lacustrine system during the period of maximum fault-bounded extensional subsidence within two asymmetric half-graben sub-basin segments of a large rift. This rift was located at a palaeolatitude of 10–15°S. Four facies assemblages are identified and interpreted: (1) dark grey mudstone (open lacustrine), (2) grey, very fine to fine-grained sandstone (nearshore/shoreline), (3) grey, medium-grained sandstone to conglomerate (fan delta) and (4) red siltstone to fine-grained sandstone (interdeltaic mudflat). Interpreted structural asymmetry of the fault-bounded sub-basins is evidenced by asymmetry of sediment input, facies distribution and palaeoflow in the lacustrine sedimentary fill. These indicators suggest that the sub-basins, which were linked end-to-end, had opposed polarity of structural asymmetry during deposition of the Strathlorne Formation. Open lacustrine sediments are typified by stacked shallowing-upward sequences, each representing deepening due to sub-basin-wide subsidence events followed by gradual infilling to shallow water depths. Sub-basin asymmetry is also reflected in the contrast of thick sequences and grouped thinner sequences at marginal and axial positions, respectively. The lakes which occupied the sub-basins were large (up to 100 × 50 km), tens to hundreds of metres deep and periodically stratified (presence of an anoxic hypolimnion, at least near sub-basin axes).  相似文献