Workshop on Chondrites and the Protoplanetary Disk Kaua'i,Hawai'i, 2004     

Kurt Liffman 《Meteoritics & planetary science》2006,41(1):3-6

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Mezen Bay—a key area for understanding Weichselian glaciations in northern Russia     

Kurt H. Kjr  Igor N. Demidov  Eiliv Larsen  Andrew Murray  Jan K. Nielsen 《第四纪科学杂志》2003,18(1):73-93

Sediment successions in coastal cliffs around Mezen Bay, southeastern White Sea, record an unusually detailed history of former glaciations, interstadial marine and fluvial events from the Weichselian. A regional glaciation model for the Weichselian is based on new data from the Mezen Bay area and previously published data from adjacent areas. Following the Mikulinian (Eemian) interglacial a shelf‐centred glaciation in the Kara Sea is reflected in proglacial conditions at 100–90 ka. A local ice‐cap over the Timan ridge existed between 75 and 65 ka. Renewed glaciation in the Kara Sea spread southwestwards around 60 ka only, interrupted by a marine inundation, before it advanced to its maximum position at about 55–50 ka. After a prolonged ice‐free period, the Scandinavian ice‐sheet invaded the area from the west and terminated east of Mezen Bay about 17 ka. The previously published evidence of a large ice‐dammed lake in the central Arkhangelsk region, Lake Komi, finds no support in this study. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

Glacial rebound and sea-level change in the British Isles     

Kurt Lambeck 《地学学报》1991,3(4):379-389

Observations of sea levels around the coastline of the British Isles for the past 10,000–15,000 years exhibit a major regional variation and provide an important data base for testing models of glacial rebound as well as models of the Late Devensian ice sheet. A high-resolution rebound model has been developed which is consistent with both the spatial and temporal patterns of sea-level change and which demonstrates that the observations are the result of (i) the glacio-isostatic crustal rebound in response to the unloading of the ice sheet over Britain and, to a lesser degree, of the ice sheet over Fennoscandia, and (ii) the rise in sea-level from the melting Late Pleistocene ice sheets, including the response of the crust to the water loading (the hydro-isostatic effect). The agreement between model and observations is such that there is no need to invoke vertical crustal movements for Great Britain and Ireland of other than glacio-hydro-isostatic origin. The rebound contributions are important throughout the region and nowhere is it sufficiently small for the sea-level change to approximate the eustatic sea-level rise. The observational data distribution around the periphery as well as from sites near the centre of the former ice sheet is sufficient to permit constraints to be established on both earth model parameters specifying the mantle viscosity and lithospheric thickness and the extent and volume of the ice sheet at the time of the last glaciation. Preliminary solutions are presented which indicate an upper mantle viscosity of (3–5)10²⁰ Pas, a lithospheric thickness of about 100 km or less, and an ice model that was not confluent with the Scandinavian ice sheet during the last glaciation and whose maximum thickness over Scotland is unlikely to have exceeded about 1500 m.  相似文献   

Fluid entrapment and reequilibration during subduction and exhumation: A case study from the high-grade Nestos shear zone, Central Rhodope, Greece     

Kurt Krenn  Christoph Bauer  Alexander Proyer  Evripidis Mposkos  Georg Hoinkes 《Lithos》2008,104(1-4):33-53

A fluid inclusion study on metamorphic minerals of successive growth stages was performed on highly deformed paragneisses from the Nestos Shear Zone at Xanthi (Central Rhodope), in which microdiamonds provide unequivocal evidence for ultrahigh-pressure (UHP) metamorphism. The correlation of fluid inclusion density isochores and fluid inclusion reequilibration textures with geothermobarometric data and the relative chronology of micro- and macro-scale deformation stages allow a better understanding of both the fluid and metamorphic evolution along the P–T–d path. Textural evidence for subduction towards the NE is recorded by the orientation of intragranular NE-oriented fluid inclusion planes and the presence of single, annular fluid inclusion decrepitation textures. These textures occur within quartz “foam” structures enclosed in an earlier generation of garnets with prolate geometries and rarely within recrystallized matrix quartz, and reequilibrated both in composition and density during later stages of exhumation. No fluid inclusions pertaining to the postulated ultrahigh-pressure stage for microdiamond-bearing garnet–kyanite–gneisses have yet been found. The prolate shape of garnets developed during the earliest stages of exhumation that is recorded structurally by (L  S) tectonites, which subsequently accommodated progressive ductile SW shearing and folding up to shallow crustal levels. The majority of matrix kyanite and a later generation of garnet were formed during SW-directed shear under plane-strain conditions. Fluid inclusions entrapped in quartz during this stage of deformation underwent density loss and transformed to almost pure CO₂ inclusions by preferential loss of H₂O. Those inclusions armoured within garnet retained their primary 3-phase H₂O–CO₂ compositions. Reequilibration of fluid inclusions in quartz aggregates is most likely the result of recrystallization along with stress-induced, preferential H₂O leakage along dislocations and planar lattice defects which results in the predominance of CO₂ inclusions with supercritical densities. Carbonic fluid inclusions from adjacent kyanite–corundum-bearing pegmatoids and, the presence of shear-plane-parallel fluid inclusion planes within late quartz boudin structures consisting of pure CO₂-fluid inclusions with negative crystal shapes, bear witness of the latest stage of deformation by NE-directed extensional shear.This study shows that the textures of early fluid inclusions that formed already during the prograde metamorphic path can be preserved and used to derive information about the kinematics of subduction that is difficult to obtain from other sources. The textures of early inclusions, together with later generations of unaltered primary and secondary inclusions in metamorphic index minerals that can be linked to specific deformation stages and even P–T conditions, are a welcome supplement for the reconstruction of a rather detailed P–T–d path.  相似文献   

Morphological analysis of the drainage system in the Eastern Alps   总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1  

Jrg Robl  Stefan Hergarten  Kurt Stüwe 《Tectonophysics》2008,460(1-4):263-277

We study the morphology of the major rivers draining the Eastern Alps to test whether the active tectonics of this part of the orogen is reflected in the shape of channel profiles of the river network. In our approach we compare channel profiles measured from digital elevation models with numerically modelled channel profiles using a stream power approach. It is shown that regions of high stream power coincide largely with regions of highest topography and largest uplift rates, while the forelands and the Pannonian Basin are characterised by a significantly lower stream power. From stream power modelling we conclude that there is young uplift at the very east of the Eastern Alps, in the Bohemian Massif and in the Pohorje Range. The impact of the Pleistocene glaciations is explored by comparing properties of rivers that drain in proximal and distal positions relative to the ice sheet during the last glacial maximum. Our analysis shows that most knick points, wind gaps and other non-equilibrium features of catchments covered by ice during the last glaciations (Salzach, Enns) can be correlated with glacial processes. In contrast the ice free catchments of the Mur and Drava are characterized by channels in morphological equilibrium at the first approximation and are showing only weak evidence of the strong tectonic activity within these catchments. Finally, the channel profiles of the Adige and the divide between the upper Rhine and Danube catchments differ significantly from the other catchments. We relate this to the fact that the Adige and the Rhine respond to different base levels from the remainder of the Eastern Alps: The Adige may preserve a record from the Messininan base level change and the Rhine is subject to the base level lowering in the Rhine Graben.  相似文献   

Use of sinkhole and specific capacity distributions to assess vertical gradients in a karst aquifer     

Kurt J. McCoy  Mark D. Kozar 《Environmental Geology》2008,54(5):921-935

The carbonate-rock aquifer in the Great Valley, West Virginia, USA, was evaluated using a database of 687 sinkholes and 350 specific capacity tests to assess structural, lithologic, and topographic influences on the groundwater flow system. The enhanced permeability of the aquifer is characterized in part by the many sinkholes, springs, and solutionally enlarged fractures throughout the valley. Yet, vertical components of subsurface flow in this highly heterogeneous aquifer are currently not well understood. To address this problem, this study examines the apparent relation between geologic features of the aquifer and two spatial indices of enhanced permeability attributed to aquifer karstification: (1) the distribution of sinkholes and (2) the occurrence of wells with relatively high specific capacity. Statistical results indicate that sinkholes (funnel and collapse) occur primarily along cleavage and bedding planes parallel to subparallel to strike where lateral or downward vertical gradients are highest. Conversely, high specific capacity values are common along prominent joints perpendicular or oblique to strike. The similarity of the latter distribution to that of springs suggests these fractures are areas of upward-convergent flow. These differences between sinkhole and high specific capacity distributions suggest vertical flow components are primarily controlled by the orientation of geologic structure and associated subsurface fracturing.  相似文献   

Diagnosis of weathering damage on rock-cut monuments in Petra, Jordan     

Kurt Heinrichs 《Environmental Geology》2008,56(3-4):643-675

Studies of many years—combining in situ investigation and laboratory analysis—have provided comprehensive information on weathering damage on the rock-cut monuments in the ancient city of Petra in Jordan. These rock-cut monuments represent outstanding world heritage. Many hundred monuments were carved by the Nabataeans from bedrock about 2000 years ago. The awareness of increasing weathering damage on the monuments has resulted in international efforts towards their preservation. The damage diagnosis has addressed the complex mutual relationships between stone types, stone properties, monument exposure regimes, environmental influences, weathering phenomena, development and extent of weathering damage and weathering progression. The rocks were classified lithostratigraphically and petrographically. Results on weathering forms, weathering profiles and weathering products obtained from monument mapping, in situ measurements and laboratory studies revealed a complex diversity of weathering phemomena with respect to type and intensity. Damage categories and damage indices were used to create a reproducible quantitative rating of weathering damage. Detailed results on weathering forms allowed the characterization and quantification of weathering progression including weathering prognoses. Stone properties and states of weathering damage were jointly considered for the rating of the rocks’ susceptibility to weathering. The systematic evaluation of weathering damage and monument exposure regimes can enhance the assessment of weathering factors and processes.  相似文献   

Geochemistry of late stage medium to high-K calc-alkaline and shoshonitic dykes in the Ulukişla Basin (Central Anatolia, Turkey): Petrogenesis and tectonic setting     

M. A. Kurt  M. Alpaslan  M. C. Göncüoǧlu  A. Temel 《Geochemistry International》2008,46(11):1145-1163

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On eccentricity functions for eccentric orbits     

A. Szeto  K. Lambeck 《Celestial Mechanics and Dynamical Astronomy》1982,27(4):325-337

Situations arise in celestial mechanics where orbital eccentricities are large and yet it is desirable to maintain the Darwin-Kaula Fourier decomposition of the perturbing function. Evaluation of the appropriate eccentricity functionsG _lpq (e) requires a double summation which, for practical purposes, must be truncated. In this note criteria have been established for truncation of the expansion for eccentricities 0.75.  相似文献   

Vulkanogene Glasscherben-Relikte in Kohlentonsteinen des Saar-Lothringer Oberkarbons sowie Herkunft und Menge der Pyroklastika     

Dr. Kurt Burger 《International Journal of Earth Sciences》1990,79(3):659-691

Zusammenfassung Obwohl Kohlentonsteine aus dem Saar-Lothringer Oberkarbon seit etwa 170 Jahren bekannt sind, gelang erst in jüngster Zeit der Nachweis und die Identifikation vulkanogener Relikte im petrographischen Stoffbestand. Diese befinden sich in Kohlentonsteinen des Stefan A: KTst 0=950; Westfal D: KTst 1=700; Westfal C: KTst 3 =400, KTst 4a=330, KTst 4aß=322, KTst 4=320, KTst 5=300 und im KTst 6=270. Das entspricht einem Anteil von ca. 18 % an der Gesamtzahl der in diesem limnischen Steinkohlenrevier beobachteten Kohlentonsteine, die hier große praktische und wissenschaftliche Bedeutung besitzen. Die pseudomorphen Relikte bestehen aus kleinen Splittern, kleinen und größeren Fragmenten mit teilweise gut erhaltenem blasigen Gefüge von Vitroklasten — sie zeigen die für Aschenschmelztuffe typisch verschweißte Scherbentextur. Die Glassubstanz ist meist zu mikrokristallinem Kaolinit devitrifiziert. Der eindeutige Nachweis dieser Relikte ist für die Genese bedeutungsvoll, liefern sie doch nun den sicheren Beweis, daß der primäre Stoffbestand aus aerisch abgelagertem pyroklastischen Material bestand, das intensive chemische Verwitterungs- und diagenetische Umbildungsprozesse erfahren hat. Für die 43 Kohlentonsteine des Saar-Lothringer Oberkarbons wird eine pyroklastische Eruptionsmenge von mindestens 8,2 km³ Festvolumen bzw. 20,5 km³ Lokkervolumen angenommen. Die Eruptionen erfolgten vermutlich aus der in der Nähe befindlichen Metz-Hunsrück-Südrand-Tiefenstörung, die nach Reflexionsseismik bis unter die Moho reicht.

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Tonsteins in the Carboniferous of the Saar-Lorraine basin are known since about 170 years. Volcanic glass remains, however, have been proven as constituents of the tonstein only recently. They occur in tonsteins of Stephanian A: KTst 0=950; Westphalian D: KTst 1=700; Westphalian C: KTst 3=400, KTst 4a=330, KTst 4aß= 322, KTst 4=320, KTst 5=300 and KTst 6=270. Tonsteins with volcanic glass fragments amount to 18% of the total tonsteins observed in the limnic Saar-Lorraine basin. They are important to applied geology, e.g. for seam identification and correlation, as well as for scientific reasons, namely for the determination of provenance and genesis of tonsteins.The volcanic remains consist of tiny glass splinters, glass fragments, and of fragments with well preserved gasbubble texture. The welded splinter texture is typical of welded pyroclastic ash deposits. Much of the glass has been devitrified to microcrystalline kaolinite. The indisputable evidence of volcanic remains is essential when considering the genesis of tonsteins, as they provide proof that tonsteins are primarily composed of eolian pyroclastic constituents which were altered by chemical weathering and diagenesis.For the 43 horizons of the coal tonsteins found in the Upper Carboniferous of the Saar-Lorraine basin, a pyroclastic eruption quantity of at least 8.2 km³ of solid volume or 20.5 km³ of bulk volume is assumed. The eruptions possibly took place along the nearby deep-seated Metz fault at the southern rim of the Hunsrück. This fault, reaches below the Moho according to reflection seismic.

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Résumé Bien que des tonstein du Carbonifère supérieur de SarreLorraine soient connus depuis 170 ans c'est seulement il y a peu de temps que des fragments de verre volcanique y ont été identifiés. Ces fragments ont été rencontrés dans les niveaux de tonstein suivants: Stephanien A: KTst 0=950; Westphalien D: KTst 1=700; Westphalien C: KTst 3=400, KTst 4a=330, KTst 4aß=322, KTst 4=320, KTst 5=300 et KTst 6=270. Ces niveaux représentent une proportion de l'ordre de 18% dans le total des couches de tonstein carbonifère rencontrées dans ce bassin houiller limnique où elles présentent un grand intérêt tant au point de vue pratique que scientifique. Les verres se présentent en esquilles et en fragments de tailles diverses, montrant parfois une structure bulleuse bien conservée; ils présentent également les structures d'agglomération propres aux tufs soudés à chaud. Le verre est le plus souvent dévitrifié en kaolinite microcristalline. La présence de ces fragments est d'un intérêt particulier pour la genèse du dépôt puisqu'elle fournit la preuve que celui-ci était constitué de matériaux primaires pyroclastiques sédimentés dans l'air, matériaux qui ont subi ensuite des altérations chimiques et des transformations diagénétiques intenses.Pour l'ensemble des 43 horizons de tonstein du Carbonifère supérieur de la Sarre-Lorraine, on admet un volume de matières pyroclastiques d'au moins 8,2 km³ (volume à l'état monolithique) ou de 20,5 km³ (volume à l'état fragmenté). Ces éruptions ont probablement pour origine la faille de Metz, située à proximité, qui forme la limite sud du Hunsrück et que la sismique-réflexion permet de prolonger jusqu'au Moho.

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Das Thema dieser Arbeit war Gegenstand des KurzvortragesBurger &Wolf (1987) auf dem XI. ICC in Peking (31. 8. bis 4. 9. 1987). Vorliegende Bearbeitung stellt die originäre Fassung dar.  相似文献