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Gianni Gallello Mirco Ramacciotti Oreto García-Puchol Simon Chenery Alfredo Cortell-Nicolau MARíA Luisa Cervera Agustin Diez-Castillo Agustín Pastor Sarah B. McClure 《Boreas: An International Journal of Quaternary Research》2021,50(4):1190-1208
This study investigates the stratigraphical sequence of Cocina Cave (Spain) employing and testing for the first time the capability of rare earth elements as markers of human activities in caves. Located in Dos Aguas (Valencian Community, Spain), Cocina Cave is characterized by the presence of several Holocene archaeological deposits from the final Mesolithic to the present day and is a pivotal site for understanding the socio-ecological dynamics of the last hunter-gatherer inhabitants of the Iberian Peninsula and the transition to pastoral and agricultural economies in the Western Mediterranean. However, the identification of strata from particular time-periods in the cave is often difficult due to the homogeneity of layers, the poor archaeological record in some strata and the presence of severe disturbance phenomena. The methodological approach of this study consisted of cross-referencing rare earth elements and other chemical markers with the archaeological stratigraphical interpretation, in an attempt to not only support the identification of the anthropic contribution to the formation of Cocina Cave strata, but also to characterize and confirm different natural and occupational episodes, particularly those associated with hunter-gatherer, early agriculturalist, and shepherd activities. Sediments were collected from different excavation areas and analysed for major elements, trace elements, rare earth elements (REE), soil organic matter (SOM) amounts and pH. Multivariate statistics were employed to group samples according to their elemental profile, and these were then compared to the archaeological temporal interpretation. The obtained results showed that REE amount and fractionation geochemical processes were regulated by carbonates, phosphates and pH. The use of REE as markers was particularly useful as their concentrations and their calculated ratios and anomaly distributions were demonstrated to be highly consistent with the archaeological stratigraphical interpretation. 相似文献
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PATRICK O'FLANAGAN TEODORO LASANTA MARTÍNEZ MARÍA PAZ ERREA ABAD 《Geographical review》2011,101(4):556-575
For centuries, sheep transhumance has connected the Spanish highlands with the lowlands, creating a livestock system with important social, economic, cultural, and landscape effects. About 5 million sheep were involved in transhumant movements in the mid‐1700s, but transhumance started to decay in the nineteenth century and almost disappeared in the 1970s and 1980s. In the 1980s, transhumant sheep did not number more than 25,000 in the study area; at present the number exceeds 134,000, with herders practicing both descending and ascending transhumance. In this article we provide information not only on current numbers of transhumant sheep but also on the origins and destinations of the flocks. We also confirm that the reputation of transhumance, once regarded as quaint and antiquated, has been enhanced by the ecosystem services it provides and by the cultural and heritage continuities it renders. 相似文献
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LUIS A. BUATOIS NUBIA SANTIAGO MEYLIN HERRERA PIRET PLINK‐BJÖRKLUND RON STEEL MARÍA ESPIN KAOLU PARRA 《Sedimentology》2012,59(5):1568-1612
Analysis of Neogene cores from the Eastern Venezuela Basin along 65 km of a west–east trending shoreline allows characterization of the sedimentological and ichnological signatures of wave, river and tidal processes. The area displays deltas prograding northward from the Guyana Shield. Twenty‐three facies are defined and grouped into four categories (wave‐influenced, river‐influenced, tide‐influenced and basinal). Wave‐dominated deltaic deposits occur mostly in the Tácata Field. The delta plain was characterized by tide‐influenced distributary channels separated by interdistributary bays. Fluvial discharge in the delta front and prodelta was repeatedly interrupted by storm‐wave reworking and suspended sediment fallout. Delta‐front and prodelta deposits contain some ichnotaxa that typically do not occur in brackish water (for example, Chondrites and Phycosiphon). Amalgamated storm deposits are unburrowed or contain vertical Ophiomorpha. Lateral (especially on the updrift side) to the river mouths, waves caused nearly continuous accretion of the associated strandplains. These deposits are the most intensely bioturbated, and are dominated by the estenohaline echinoid‐generated ichnogenus Scolicia. River‐dominated deltaic deposits are present in the Santa Bárbara, Mulata, Carito and El Furrial Fields. Low‐sinuosity rivers characterized the alluvial plain, whereas the subaerial delta plain was occupied by higher‐sinuosity rivers. The subaqueous delta plain includes distributary channels and tide‐influenced interdistributary bays. Further seaward, successions are characterized by terminal distributary‐channel and distributary mouth‐bar deposits, as well as by delta‐front and prodelta deposits showing evidence of sediment gravity‐flow and fluid‐mud emplacement. Delta‐front and prodelta deposits are unbioturbated to sparsely bioturbated, suggesting extreme stress, mostly as a result of high fluvial discharge and generation of sediment gravity flows. Tidal influence is restricted to interdistributary bays, lagoons and some distributary channels. From an ichnological perspective, and in order of decreasing stress levels, four main depositional settings are identified: river‐dominated deltas, tide‐influenced delta plains, wave‐dominated deltas and wave‐dominated strandplain–offshore complexes. 相似文献
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The key outcomes of the 2006 Nairobi Conference on Climate Change are described, with a particular emphasis on adaptation, the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) and the future of the United Nations climate change regime beyond 2012. Based on an analysis of the key issues being negotiated, the Nairobi Conference can be understood as an important step in the larger process towards a future climate change regime. Its significance is in establishing the confidence and trust between the key players that will be necessary for the successful completion of the current phase of negotiations and agreement on the post-2012 climate change regime. 相似文献
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Climate and landscape during Heinrich Event 3 in south‐western Europe: the small‐vertebrate association from Galls Carboners cave (Mont‐ral,Tarragona, north‐eastern Iberia) 
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Chronological and palaeoenvironmental context of human occupations at the Buendía rockshelter (Central Spain) during the late Upper Pleistocene in inland Iberia 下载免费PDF全文
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JAVIER MARCELO KRAUSE EDUARDO SERGIO BELLOSI MARÍA SOL RAIGEMBORN 《Sedimentology》2010,57(7):1721-1749
Palaeosols of the Koluel‐Kaike Formation, a red colour‐banded, pyroclastic succession from southern Argentina, constitute a proxy for Eocene climate changes. Reticulated and vertically elongated ferric mottles, along with iron and manganese nodules are the most significant climate indicators, which originated by alternating cycles of waterlogging and drying conditions causing Fe‐Mn mobilization and fixation. Clay minerals vary from a kaolinite > smectite suite in the lower and middle sections, to a smectite > kaolinite one in the upper part. High concentrations of iron oxides/hydroxides and kaolinite, lack of exchangeable bases, absence of carbonate cement, presence of ironstone and redness of hue in most of the palaeosols suggest intense chemical weathering related to leaching and lateritization processes. Five pedotypes, ordered in a stratigraphic sense, were identified. Strongly developed, red to orange Chornk (Fragiaquult) and Kápenk (Plinthaquult) pedotypes display argillic horizons, abundant ferric nodules and slickensides; they are dominant in the lower and middle sections, and formed in seasonal humid and megathermic (tropical) conditions with a mean annual precipitation of 1200 to 1300 mm and a mean annual temperature of 15 °C. Weakly developed, less structured Ornek (Vitrand) and Pólnek (Placaquand) pedotypes occur in the middle and upper sections, and originated in sub‐humid and mesic‐megathermic conditions with a mean annual precipitation around 1000 mm and a mean annual temperature around 12 °C. The brownish Soorsh (Argialboll) pedotype exhibits a granular structure and is present at the uppermost part of the unit. It developed in sub‐humid/semi‐arid and mesic conditions, with a mean annual precipitation of 600 to 700 mm and a mean annual temperature around 10 °C. This pedotype succession and clay mineral distribution indicates a decrease in chemical weathering and degree of soil development with time. Koluel‐Kaike palaeosols from Central Patagonia are some of the first continental non‐palaeobiological data linked to the Early Palaeogene global warming in South America; they show an especially close relationship with the Early Eocene Climatic Optimum and the following long‐term cooling and drying initiated by Middle to Late Eocene time. 相似文献
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ARÁNZAZU LUZÓN JUAN PEDRO RODRÍGUEZ‐LÓPEZ ANTONIO PÉREZ MARÍA ASUNCIÓN SORIANO HÉCTOR GIL ANDRÉS POCOVÍ 《Sedimentology》2012,59(7):2199-2225
Meltwater flows emanating from the Pyrenees during the Pleistocene constructed a braided outwash plain in the Ebro Basin and led to the karstification of the Neogene gypsum bedrock. Synsedimentary evaporite dissolution locally increased subsidence rates and generated dolines and collapses that enabled the accumulation and preservation of outwash gravels and associated windblown deposits that were protected from erosion by later meltwater flows. In these localized depocentres, maximum rates of wind deceleration resulted from airflow expansion, enabling the accumulation of cross‐stratified sets of aeolian strata climbing at steep angles and thereby preserving up to 5 m thick sets. The outwash plain was characterized by longitudinal and transverse fluvial gravel bars, channels and windblown facies organized into aeolian sand sheets, transverse and complex aeolian dunes, and loess accumulations. Flat‐lying aeolian deposits merge laterally to partly deformed aeolian deposits encased in dolines and collapses. Synsedimentary evaporite dissolution caused gravels and aeolian sand deposits to subside, such that formerly near‐horizontal strata became inclined and generated multiple internal angular unconformities. During episodes when the wind was undersaturated with respect to its potential sand transporting capacity, deflation occurred over the outwash plain and coarse‐grained lags with ventifacts developed. Subsequent high‐energy flows episodically reached the aeolian dune field, leading to dune destruction and the generation of hyperconcentrated flow deposits composed in part of reworked aeolian sands. Lacustrine deposits in the distal part of the outwash plain preserve rhythmically laminated lutites and associated Gilbert‐type gravel deltas, which developed when fluvial streams reached proglacial lakes. This study documents the first evidence of an extensive Pleistocene proglacial aeolian dune field located in the Ebro Basin (41˙50° N), south of what has hitherto been considered to be the southern boundary of Pleistocene aeolian deposits in Europe. A non‐conventional mechanism (evaporite karst‐related subsidence) for the preservation of aeolian sands in the stratigraphic record is proposed. 相似文献
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Estimates of carbon emissions from the forest sector in Mexico are derived for the year 1985 and for two contrasting scenarios in 2025. The analysis covers both tropical and temperate closed forests. In the mid-1980s, approximately 804,000 ha/year of closed forests suffered major perturbations, of which 668,000 ha was deforestation. Seventy-five percent of total deforestation is concentrated in tropical forests. The resulting annual carbon balance from land-use change is estimated at 67.0 × 106 tons/year, which lead to net emissions of 52.3 × 106 tons/year accounting for the carbon uptake in restoration plantations and degraded forest lands. This last figure represents approximately 40% of the country's estimated annual total carbon emissions for 1985–1987. The annual carbon balance from the forest sector in 2025 is expected to decline to 28.0 × 106 t in the reference scenario and to become negative (i.e., a carbon sink), 62.0 × 106 t in the policy scenario. A number of policy changes are identified that would help achieve the carbon sequestration potential identified in this last scenario. 相似文献
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