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《制图学和地理信息科学》2013,40(3):167-182
One of the most fundamental steps in map creation is the transformation of information from the surface of a globe onto a flat map. Mapmakers have developed and used hundreds of different map projections over the past 2,000 years, yet there is no perfect choice because every map projection uniquely alters some aspect of space during the transformation process. Detailed information about the type, amount, and distribution of distortion is essential for choosing the best projection for a particular map or data set. The distortion inherent in projections can be measured and symbolized much like any other map variable. Methods for symbolizing map projection distortion are reviewed, with each method described and illustrated in graphical form. The symbolization methods are collected under ten separate headings organized from simple to more complex in terms of interpretation. Most of these methods are highly effective at communicating distortion, yet they are rarely used beyond textbooks and technical documentation. Map projections and the distortions they carry need to be better understood by spatial data developers, distributors, and users. Map distortion should be carried along with map data as confidence layers, and the easily accessible distortion displays should be available to help in the selection of map projections. There is a suitably wide array of symbolization methods to match any need from basic education to research. 相似文献
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《制图学和地理信息科学》2013,40(2):183-191
This paper describes a new approach called kriskogram to visualizing migration flows. To create a kriskogram, geographical units are projected as a set of points on a straight line segment called a location line. The migration flow between two points on the location line is represented using a half-circle drawn from the origin to the destination in a clockwise direction. Translucent symbols and a classification scheme can be used to make a kriskogram more effective. We demonstrate this method using a set of interstate migration data of four time periods for the conterminous United States. 相似文献
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Francis Harvey 《制图学和地理信息科学》2013,40(2):97-99
Quality is critical in cartography because key decisions are often made based on the information the map communicates. The mass production of digital cartographic information to support geographic information science has now added a new dimension to the problem of cartographic quality, as problems once limited to small volumes can now proliferate in mass production programs. These problems can also affect the economics of map production by diverting a sizeable portion of production cost to pay for rework on maps with poor quality. Such problems are common to general industry—in response, the quality engineering profession has developed a number of successful methods to overcome these problems. Two important methods are the reduction of error through statistical analysIs and addressing the quality environment in which people work. Once initial and obvious quality problems have been solved, outside influences periodically appear that cause adverse variations in quality and consequently increase production costs. Such errors can be difficult to detect before the customer is affected. However, a number of statistical techniques can be employed to detect variation so that the problem is eliminated before significant damage is caused. Additionally, the environment in which the workforce operates must be conducive to quality. Managers have a powerful responslblhty to create this environment. Two sets of guidelines, known as Deming's Fourteen Points and ISO-9000, provide models for this environment. 相似文献
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《制图学和地理信息科学》2013,40(4):357-362
Writing critical reviews of thematic and general reference atlases can provide a professional writing experience for students in both introductory and advanced cartography classes. The rationale for assigning critical atlas reviews, a set of objectives for the assignment and a list of questions to distribute to students are presented herein. 相似文献
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《制图学和地理信息科学》2013,40(3):141-150
Animation is an important method of communicating information that lends itself to cartographic display. Cartographers may be delinquent in their utilization of this technique. Meteorologists, medical researchers, and physical scientists, employing mini-, mainframe, and supercomputers, are creating today's most sophisticated animated maps and continue to develop high-quality systems for data display. Though today's cartographers are concerned with the geometric accuracy and computer automation of their map products, they may be overlooking current developments in spatiotemporal display within other disciplines. Creating a method to bridge the current animation gap between cartography and these disciplines has been the primary goal of this research. Since personal computers are the platforms most commonly available to cartographers, development of animated cartographic displays is feasible with this technology. As a result of this research, an interactive microcomputer-based animated map of U.S. surface temperatures was designed to help understand the rapid climatic change occurring during the 20th century. 相似文献
6.
《制图学和地理信息科学》2013,40(4):206-228
A scheme for multi-scale geometrical representation of a digital line is proposed. A digital line is represented as a structured object in which lines at different levels of resolution are represented as lists, quadcodes are used as control mechanism for guiding line simplification at multiple scales of a pyramid, and operators for simplification and smoothing are used to generate lines at different levels of resolution. In this scheme, lines at different levels of an image pyramid can be automatically generated without specifying the so-called tolerance value. Experimental results show that up to a certain level of resolution, the simplified lines retain important information content and recognizable characteristics. Also, the image pyramid assures a legible representation at any level of representation. Future research should improve the current line simplification operator and address the correspondence between lines at different levels of an image pyramid and the lines at different map scales. 相似文献
7.
《The Cartographic journal》2013,50(3):179-213
AbstractTo what extent do European state topographic maps exhibit unique styles of cartography? This paper describes an investigation to classify and analyse stylistic diversity in the official 1 : 50 000 topographical mapping of 20 European countries. The method involves the construction of a typology of cartographic style, based upon the classification of distinct graphical legend symbols into mutually exclusive thematic categories. In order to identify stylistic similarities between national symbologies, hierarchical cluster analysis was performed to compare the relative proportions of symbols within each category. This was complemented by a qualitative analysis of various aspects of cartographic design: colour, 'white' space, visual hierarchy, and lettering. The results indicate a high degree of stylistic diversity throughout Europe, with the symbologies of Great Britain and Ireland demonstrating the strongest example of a supranational style. The typology of cartographic symbologies is shown to be an effective method for determining stylistic association among maps of differing geographical (and potentially historical) origins and it is suggested that the cartographic language paradigm should be revisited as a means for understanding why national differences persist in state cartography. A version of this paper was presented at the Twenty-third International Cartographic Conference in Moscow. 相似文献
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《制图学和地理信息科学》2013,40(1):41-50
How to replace the human element of generalization with computer algorithms or rules in knowledge bases has been frequently discussed, but we have not succeeded in formulating these rules very well. The purpose of this article is to illustrate the problem of knowledge acquisition for generalization of topographic maps. Three studies to derive rule-based knowledge for automatic map generalization are presented and analyzed. In the tests, cartographers were asked to interpret map objects to be generalized and to describe the basis of their decisions. The studies showed that by interviewing cartographers, much of the domain knowledge can be gathered, but the most time-consuming part of documenting this knowledge is to analyze the data and formalize the results. It was also found that there is important domain knowledge on generalization that has not previously been documented. The tests performed resulted in the discovery of four categories of declarative rules: geometric, topological, context-related, and culture-related rules. 相似文献
9.
《制图学和地理信息科学》2013,40(3):139-160
Developing reliable methods for representing and managing information uncertainty remains a persistent and relevant challenge to GIScience. Information uncertainty is an intricate idea, and recent examinations of this concept have generated many perspectives on its representation and visualization, with perspectives emerging from a wide range of disciplines and application contexts. In this paper, we review and assess progress toward visual tools and methods to help analysts manage and understand information uncertainty. Specifically, we report on efforts to conceptualize uncertainty, decision making with uncertainty, frameworks for representing uncertainty, visual representation and user control of displays of information uncertainty, and evaluative efforts to assess the use and usability of visual displays of uncertainty. We conclude by identifying seven key research challenges in visualizing information uncertainty, particularly as it applies to decision making and analysis. 相似文献
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