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《制图学和地理信息科学》2013,40(3):176-178
Australia and New Zealand are adopting the Spatial Data Transfer Standard (SDTS) as their transfer standard for geographic data. The standard requires a number of modifications to suit Australia/New Zealand requirements. These modifications primarily involve coordinate reference systems for each country, references to those standards applicable to each country and new spatial feature dictionaries. For other countries adopting SDTS, future revisions to the standard should emphasize a framework for required modifications. Australia/New Zealand have established a support body to ensure the smooth introduction of the standard within these countries. This commercial venture has been successful in promoting the standard, in providing training and in related consulting work. The US Geological Survey has been the maintenance authority for the standard. It is essential that this function continues to be provided through this body to guarantee a single interpretation of the standard. 相似文献
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《制图学和地理信息科学》2013,40(3):159-161
The Spatial Oata Transfer Standard (SOTS) was approved as Federal Information Processing Standard (FIPS) 173, effective February 1993. Federal agencies and geographic information system vendors currently are developing SOTS encoding and decoding capabilities. A program is being developed to test encoders and decoders for conformance to the requirements of SOTS profiles. A series of test points will specify SOTS requirements that can be tested by software or by nonautomated methods. By certifying SOTS products, the conformance testing program will benefit both vendors and users of the SOTS. 相似文献
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《制图学和地理信息科学》2013,40(4):239-263
The objective of this paper is to present a spatially explicit agent-based simulation framework with a supporting software package to explore complex adaptive geographic systems. This framework is particularly suitable for modeling entities that are contextually aware, knowledge driven, and adaptive because it represents them as geographically aware intelligent agents. Fundamental advances in the explicit representation of contextual information, knowledge structures, and learning processes are needed for modeling intelligent agents situated within geographic systems. The representation of these agents requires the integration of agent-based models, machine learning, and GIS. Existing software packages for agent-based modeling, however, often provide insufficient support for this integration. The agent-based simulation package presented here is specifically designed to achieve such integration by assisting the development of agent-based models from the simulation framework. Object-oriented modeling techniques were used to implement this simulation package, which includes four modules: simulation, visualization, learning, and geoprocessing. In particular, the learning and geoprocessing modules facilitate the representation of adaptive behavior in agents within spatially explicit environments. The utility of the agent-based simulation package is illustrated using two simulation models: one of adaptive elk behavior and another of pedestrian movement. The successful design of the simulation models suggests that the modeling framework with the supporting software package is well suited to the resolution of complex adaptive geographic problems. 相似文献
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《制图学和地理信息科学》2013,40(3):222-224
On a previously-digitized map, a series of 685 points were screen-digitized so as to represent major spatial features of each polygon composing 17 forest types having inherently uncertain boundaries; three forest types having precise boundaries were treated as such. From these points and three exact types, surfaces were generated which provided weights of the certainty of having each of the 20 forest types at a location. These surfaces were “reconstituted” into a thematic map by assigning each location to the type having the highest weight. When compared to the precisely digitized and rasterized map, areal and locational inaccuracy were 5% and 18%, respectively, for the reconstituted thematic map. For certain situations—such as the preparation of long-term forest management plans—these results show promise for adequately representing maps of natural features while reducing digitizing efforts. 相似文献
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《制图学和地理信息科学》2013,40(3):258-268
Mapping technologies have made considerable strides in recent decades. Global positioning systems (GPS), remote sensing satellites, Web-based mapping services, and geographic information systems (GIS) have facilitated the collection, distribution, analysis, and ultimately interaction with geospatial information. In particular, portable GPS have altered how individuals participate in mapping. Individuals can use GPS to collect tracings of their personal interactions with the environment. These interactions can then be uploaded to one of many available Web-based mapping services. Once uploaded, the geospatial data can be mapped and shared among the broader community of users. Such volunteered geographic information (VGI) exemplifies the conceptualization of an individual collecting, mapping, and sharing personal geographic information. This paper focuses on challenges surrounding VGI. To help place these challenges in a broader context, specialized Web services and GPS technologies developed for the bicycling community will serve as examples of the current status and future prospects of VGI. 相似文献
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《制图学和地理信息科学》2013,40(3):119-132
Geologists consider field mapping skills necessary for the development of expertise in geology. We discuss the results of a day-long geology mapping exercise in the Tobacco Root Mountains, Montana, USA. Sixty-seven volunteer geologists, chosen specifically to represent a continuum from novice to expert, were asked to create a map of bedrock geology for approximately 70 square hectares. In order to identify and assess field mapping strategies, GPS tracks of each participant's field activities were analyzed using GIS and sequence alignment techniques. Results indicate differences in routes used during the field task by participants with varying levels of mapping expertise. To investigate this result, the field area was divided into thirty-three sub-regions based on topography, vegetation, rock outcrops, and participant traffic. Using these sub-regions, multiple variables such as amount of time spent in each sub-region and the order in which these sub-regions were visited were determined for each participant. Geologic mapping experts and others who are able to produce highly accurate maps recorded similar spatio-temporal sequences during the task, likely related to development of a reasonable structural hypothesis early in the task. These results have implications for field education and emphasize the role of working hypotheses in informing the movement of experts in the field. 相似文献
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《制图学和地理信息科学》2013,40(1):19-24
Areal gray tone symbols produced on standard line printers seldom adhere to acceptable cartographic design standards. The recent development of matrix line printers provides an alternative means of producing more effective map symbolization with a device also suitable for ordinary character output. Matrix printers permit a greater range of gray tones in a regular sequence, more uniform symbol configuration, and improved print quality 相似文献
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《制图学和地理信息科学》2013,40(5):296-299
Because the Spatial Data Transfer Standard (SDTS), also Federal Information Processing Standard 173, is designed to support any type of spatial data, implementing all of its options at one time is impossible. Instead, the SDTS is implemented through the use of profiles, which are limited subsets of the SDTS. The first profile developed is the Topological Vector Profile. This profile supports geographic vector data with geometry and topology. It does not support raster data, graphic representation modules, and geometry-only vector data. This profile was tested in 1992 in order to validate it. It will be submitted to the National Institute of Standards and Technology as an amendment to the SDTS. 相似文献