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  2013年   12篇
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1.
《The Cartographic journal》2013,50(4):246-260
Abstract

The design and development of a highly interactive web-based, GIS-enabled atlas is reported. The atlas is a prototype, designed as a model for implementation of atlases to support government cancer-control activities. This model integrates symbolisation and design principles from print cartography, interaction strategies from exploratory geovisualisation, and web-map/web-feature service advances from GIS. The atlas has been implemented using a client-server architecture. It makes use of two open-source GIS tools, PostGIS (as the system database) and GeoServer (to connect the database to the client mapping application). The client mapping application has been built in Macromedia Flash. The entire client-server architecture is described, then direct primary emphasis is focused on the client mapping application. For this component of the system, the interface design strategy is detailed, the approach taken to implement this strategy in Flash is documented, and the mechanisms developed to build dynamic links from the client to the underlying database through the server are outlined. Features of the atlas are presented through a prototypical use scenario for a target user.  相似文献   
2.
We provide a research agenda for the International Cartographic Association's Commission on Visualization and Virtual Environment Working Group on Cognitive and Usability Issues in Geovisualization. Developments in hardware and software have led to (and will continue to stimulate) numerous novel methods for visualizing geospatial data. It is our belief that these novel methods will be of little use if they are not developed within a theoretical cognitive framework and iteratively tested using usability engineering principles. We argue that cognitive and usability issues should be considered in the context of six major research themes: 1) geospatial virtual environments (GeoVEs); 2) dynamic representations (including animated and interactive maps); 3) metaphors and schemata in user interface design; 4) individual and group differences; 5) collaborative geovisualization; and 6) evaluating the effectiveness of geovisualization methods. A key point underlying our use of theoretical cognitive principles is that traditional cognitive theory for static two-dimensional maps may not be applicable to interactive three-dimensional immersive GeoVEs and dynamic representations—thus new cognitive theory may need to be developed. Usability engineering extends beyond the traditional cartographic practice of "user testing" by evaluating software effectiveness throughout a lifecycle (including design, development, and deployment). Applying usability engineering to geovisualization, however, may be problematic because of the novelty of geovisualization and the associated difficulty of defining the nature of users and their tasks. Tackling the research themes is likely to require an interdisciplinary effort involving geographic information scientists, cognitive scientists, usability engineers, computer scientists, and others.  相似文献   
3.
The discovery, interpretation, and presentation of multivariate spatial patterns are important for scientific understanding of complex geographic problems. This research integrates computational, visual, and cartographic methods together to detect and visualize multivariate spatial patterns. The integrated approach is able to: (1) perform multivariate analysis, dimensional reduction, and data reduction (summarizing a large number of input data items in a moderate number of clusters) with the Self-Organizing Map (SOM); (2) encode the SOM result with a systematically designed color scheme; (3) visualize the multivariate patterns with a modified Parallel Coordinate Plot (PCP) display and a geographic map (GeoMap); and (4) support human interactions to explore and examine patterns. The research shows that such "mixed initiative" methods (computational and visual) can mitigate each other's weakness and collaboratively discover complex patterns in large geographic datasets, in an effective and efficient way.  相似文献   
4.
Island cartography deals with special cartographic problems confronted in the portrayal of island regions and demands the use of specially developed software tools. One of the most commonly faced problems is the need of inset map creation for very small islands, and sometimes isolated ones, that must be displayed in the main map. This paper presents the methodology followed for the development of the Inset Mapper (IM) Software toolbox, describes the toolbox, and showcases its ability to create inset maps in Island regions. The IM software tool provides a useful cartographic tool for assisting the selection of the most appropriate position and scale of the inset map in an Island region.  相似文献   
5.
Developing reliable methods for representing and managing information uncertainty remains a persistent and relevant challenge to GIScience. Information uncertainty is an intricate idea, and recent examinations of this concept have generated many perspectives on its representation and visualization, with perspectives emerging from a wide range of disciplines and application contexts. In this paper, we review and assess progress toward visual tools and methods to help analysts manage and understand information uncertainty. Specifically, we report on efforts to conceptualize uncertainty, decision making with uncertainty, frameworks for representing uncertainty, visual representation and user control of displays of information uncertainty, and evaluative efforts to assess the use and usability of visual displays of uncertainty. We conclude by identifying seven key research challenges in visualizing information uncertainty, particularly as it applies to decision making and analysis.  相似文献   
6.
Abstract

This paper aims to evaluate what effect applying residents' urban image to virtual city design (a real time virtual model of an actual city) has on wayfinding performance during 'flying-based' navigation mode. Two experiments were conducted to compare two virtual city designs using the virtual model of Tel Aviv city. One design included highlighted urban elements from the residents' urban image, while in the second design no highlighted elements were included.

The experiments proved that using the elements of the residents' urban image in a virtual city design enhances the performance of all participants in the wayfinding tasks, and especially those with a low level of spatial knowledge. Analysis of the trajectory patterns and the verbal reports of the participants during navigation showed that the urban image design facilitates a more intensive use of a position-based strategy, in addition to the path-integration wayfinding strategy, which was found to be dominant in the virtual model without the highlighted urban image elements. On the basis of these findings we propose principles for designing virtual cities from a perspective of wayfinding.  相似文献   
7.
Soil maps are an important and integral component of national geospatial data infrastructures. The creation of these maps involves a geovisualization exercise whereby soil scientists develop cognitive models that correlate observable landscape features to soil occurrence. This is traditionally an analog process, cognitively demanding, time consuming, and invariably non-collaborative. A new geovirtual soil mapping technique is proposed in this paper in the form of an innovative Experiential GIS (EGIS) environment. This immersive environment enables soil maps to be constructed through experiencing and interacting with spatial data through immersion in 3D geovirtual scenes. The system outlined integrates GIS, immersive geovisualization, and robust geodatabase capabilities. Four soil scientists with extensive soil mapping experience ranging from 5 to over 20 years are concurrently immersed in the same 3D geovirtual landscape which more closely mirrors the way in which we view the world around us. The soil scientists are immersed within the 3D scene where they are essentially freed from the laws of physics, and may roam anywhere across the landscape as if in a virtual helicopter. The landscape is draped with any combination of orthoimagery and GIS-derived data allowing soil scientists to interpret, digitally delineate, and attribute soil boundaries. Exploiting the EGIS technology while maintaining the centrality of the soil scientist in soil interpretation and soil map production, promises considerable resource efficiencies than those achieved in traditional soil survey. The paper lays out the nature of this potential paradigm shift in soil mapping. The results of using this technology to construct soil geographic knowledge are also discussed in terms of soil map detail, cost efficiencies, time effectiveness, system usability, geocollaborative soil mapping advantages, and the reduced cognitive workload on practicing soil scientists.  相似文献   
8.
In this paper a concept for controlling the usage of geovirtual environments by means of constraints is developed. Constraints serve to improve the usability of geovirtual environments by guarding the navigation and interaction processes of users. In addition, they facilitate the implementation of Digital Rights Management for geovirtual environments. The presented approach distinguishes spatial constraints, structural constraints, and redistribution constraints. Several types of spatial constraints have been identified for navigation in geovirtual environments. To demonstrate their applications, this paper reports on using constraints in virtual 3D city models.  相似文献   
9.
This paper introduces and discusses types of interactivity that can be used in digital mapping environments. The interactivity types are placed in the framework of geographic visualization (GVis) in order to extend the GVis emphasis on exploratory, interactive and private functions of spatial displays. After defining interactivity in general, four categories of interactivity are proposed: with (1) the Data; (2) the Data Representation; (3) the Temporal Dimension; and (4) Contextualizing Interaction. Three benefits of this typology are discussed. First, interactivity types can be combined to build an interactive environment. More powerful interactive mapping environments not only employ more interactivity types, but combine types from different categories. Second, the typology allows cartographers to compare and critique different mapping and GIS environments and gives cartography educators and students a mechanism for understanding the different types of interactivity, as well as a set of concepts for imagining and creating new interactive environments. Third, a typology of interactivity gives interface designers a mechanism with which to identify needs and measure interface effectiveness. In order to examine these issues in practice, two common interactive mapping environments are briefly examined to determine the interactivity types employed, and a measurable difference of interactive potential is obtained.  相似文献   
10.
Abstract

Choosing effective colour schemes for thematic maps is surprisingly difficult. ColorBrewer is an online tool designed to take some of the guesswork out of this process by helping users select appropriate colour schemes for their specific mapping needs by considering: the number of data classes; the nature of their data (matched with sequential, diverging and qualitative schemes); and the end-use environment for the map (e.g., CRT, LCD, printed, projected, photocopied). ColorBrewer contains 'learn more' tutorials to help guide users, prompts them to test-drive colour schemes as both map and legend, and provides output in five colour specification systems.  相似文献   
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