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2008年初中国南方持续性冰冻雨雪灾害形成的温度场结构分析 总被引：12，自引：2，他引：10
2008年初,中国南方发生了大范围、持续性低温冰冻雨雪天气,冻雨、暴雪灾害历史罕见,许多地方打破50年记录。文中主要从3种降水类型,特别是冻雨的地域分布和促使其形成的温度场层结及地面温度分布特征方面讨论了1月25日到2月2日冰冻雨雪灾害最为严重的过程阶段。分析表明,降雨、冻雨和降雪3种类型降水物的自南向北分布特征是由对流层中低层向北后倾的锋区在南北不同区域上的层结特征和地面温度条件决定的;在倾斜锋区存在背景下,在对流层中低层形成了产生冻雨的大气逆温特征和较低的地面(表)温度条件。逆温区大于0℃的暖层应具有合适的强度、厚度和高度,既不能太厚太低,也不能太薄太高。如果太厚太低,降水将会以雨的类型降落地面,如果太薄太高,降水则会以雪或冰粒子的类型出现。这次过程中0—6℃的暖层在650—850hPa,其下为低于0℃的次冻层,在次冻层温度较低的情况下,即使地面(表)温度在0—1℃,也可能形成冻雨或冰冻灾害。此外,在没有适宜逆温区存在的条件下,较低的地面(表)温度也能使"冰包水"物质、过冷却水滴降落到地面或雪融化成水后迅速凝冻成冰,或使冰冻维持而至灾。 相似文献
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中国近530年干湿变化及其持续性特征研究 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
采用中国530年旱涝指数序列,并将其划分为华北和西北东部地区(Ⅰ区)、长江流域地区(Ⅱ区)以及中南和东南沿海地区(Ⅲ区)3个区域.应用功率谱、滤波方法、BG算法等研究旱涝指数序列各相对平稳均值段之间的干湿转化特征.结果表明,近130年的干旱时段和历史上的干早或偏旱时段相比,Ⅰ区干湿转化频率有所加快;Ⅱ区于湿转化频率没有太大变化;Ⅲ区干湿转化频率有所降低.并且重大干湿转折时期大多对应突变点比较集中,即这一时期气候态不稳定,容易发生突变或符种极端气候事件.结合小波系数的周期分析结果发现,Ⅰ区从1920年左右开始的干旱,在经历了20世纪70年代末以来的严重干旱以后,有可能在21世纪再持续50到70年,其后再一次发生由干旱向湿润的转型;Ⅱ区则有可能在接下来的几十年中持续湿润期相对集中的情况.此外,Ⅰ-Ⅲ区干湿变化的特征与北半球的气候变化有一定的对应关系;Ⅰ区的干湿变化与当地温度变化具有较好的止相关;Ⅱ区和Ⅲ区干湿变化与温度变化的联系较Ⅰ区差一些;太平洋年代际涛动可能对3个区域的干湿转化均有不同程度的影响.在此基础上,定义旱(涝)尺度因子,可以定量描述旱涝持续性的区域特征;滑动计算旱(涝)尺度因子,可以检测哪一时段对应有旱涝群发性事件及重大干湿期的转折. 相似文献
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On a former waste water disposal field with water repellent sandy soil under grass vegetation we analyzed the persistency of flow patterns on a 150 m × 25 m plot by (i) continuous TDR-measurements on a 2 m × 1 m transect combined with seasonal soil moisture sampling campaigns, and (ii) a time-delayed double tracer experiment on a second 3 m × 1 m transect. Here, we applied bromide under wettable soil conditions in spring and chloride under water repellent soil conditions in autumn. At the end of the tracer experiment, after a travel time of 328 days for Br and 87 days for Cl, respectively, the transect was excavated and sampled in high spatial resolution. Tracer concentration, water content, water drop penetration times (WDPT), and soil organic matter content (SOM) of each sample were analyzed in order to characterize flow patterns. The TDR readings were used to predict the effective cross section (ECS) of subsurface flow and flow shifts over the season.During summer, when ECS is low and consecutive precipitation events occur, flow paths – once created – persist over time. However, over longer times (from autumn to autumn), the spatial arrangements of the flow paths can change completely. The Cl distribution showed typical fingering structures with high concentrations in the less water repellent flow paths. In contrast, Br was found mostly in the dry, hydrophobic areas indicating that it was transported before the soil became water repellent. Consequently, the flow patterns generated in spring and early summer differ completely from those in autumn and winter because of water repellent structures established during the vegetative period. These structures could be identified using a critical water content (θcrit) concept, considering both soil water content and SOM.As not all soil parts being active during to season, four flow categories could be identified: about 10% permanent (=stable flow paths), 45% periodic (i.e. water repellent in summer), 40% occasional (water repellent in summer and autumn), and 5% permanent water repellent. 相似文献
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Mario Alberto Jordn 《Ocean Engineering》2006,33(8-9):1161-1213
This work presents an approach to identify hydrodynamic models for incident, diffraction and viscous forces acting on a moored floating structure. An important aspect treated here is the analysis of the unknown initial condition of the hydrodynamic state for the potential-radiation force. There is established its influence on the parameter convergence and the long-term effects. Afterwards the persistency of excitation of the regressor is analyzed in the case of both poor and rich excitation conditions. Theoretical results show that asymptotic convergence of the estimates takes place under arbitrary conditions of the wave excitation. A case study consisting in the identification of a moored semisubmersible is carried out to exemplify the application of the approach. 相似文献
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