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1.
Transverse secondary circulations involving surface convergence, observed in a well-mixed estuary in North Wales, are made visible by the collection of surface material along an axial line which extends continuously for many kilometres through the estuary. The circulation and axial convergence, however, are seen only during the flood phase of the tide and no similar behaviour has been observed during the ebb phase.Convergent circulations in the estuary are associated with small but steady transverse density gradients in the cross-section, produced by non-uniform advection of the longitudinal gradient through the channel. A diagnostic model, using measured mean distributions of cross-sectional density, indicates surface transverse velocities (~0.1 ms?1) similar to those observed in the estuary. The model further predicts appreciable transverse divergent currents at a fractional depth of 0.75: a prediction which has been tested in the estuary using a vertical array of accurately resolving current direction indicators. 相似文献
2.
A new technique designed to help quantify the degree of damage to the landscape from one area to another shows a close relationship between population density and the degree of landscape damage. The technique establishes a scale of damage from 0 to 5 (zero = no damage; 5 = severe damage) using data from aerial photographs, land-use maps, and field data. The related formula allows one to compare the relative degree of damage across regions using a combination of an absolute index, a theoretical index, a relative index, and population density. Xing'an County is used to demonstrate the technique. 相似文献
3.
Florent Deleflie Gilles Métris Pierre Exertier 《Celestial Mechanics and Dynamical Astronomy》2006,94(1):83-104
This paper studies the long period variations of the eccentricity vector of the orbit of an artificial satellite, under the
influence of the gravity field of a central body. We use modified orbital elements which are non-singular at zero eccentricity.
We expand the long periodic part of the corresponding Lagrange equations as power series of the eccentricity. The coefficients
characterizing the differential system depend on the zonal coefficients of the geopotential, and on initial semi-major axis,
inclination, and eccentricity. The differential equations for the components of the eccentricity vector are then integrated
analytically, with a definition of the period of the perigee based on the notion of “free eccentricity”, and which is also
valid for circular orbits. The analytical solution is compared to a numerical integration. This study is a generalization
of (Cook, Planet. Space Sci., 14, 1966): first, the coefficients involved in the differential equations depend on all zonal coefficients (and not only on
the very first ones); second, our method applies to nearly circular orbits as well as to not too eccentric orbits. Except
for the critical inclination, our solution is valid for all kinds of long period motions of the perigee, i.e., circulations
or librations around an equilibrium point. 相似文献
4.
Sylvie Charbit Masa Kageyama Didier Roche Catherine Ritz Gilles Ramstein 《Global and Planetary Change》2005,48(4):1887
A coupling procedure between a climate model of intermediate complexity (CLIMBER-2.3) and a 3-dimensional thermo-mechanical ice-sheet model (GREMLINS) has been elaborated. The resulting coupled model describes the evolution of atmosphere, ocean, biosphere, cryosphere and their mutual interactions. It is used to perform several simulations of the Last Deglaciation period to identify the physical mechanisms at the origin of the deglaciation process. Our baseline experiment, forced by insolation and atmospheric CO2, produces almost complete deglaciation of past northern hemisphere continental ice sheets, although ice remains over the Cordilleran region at the end of the simulation and also in Alaska and Eastern Siberia. Results clearly demonstrate that, in this study, the melting of the North American ice sheet is critically dependent on the deglaciation of Fennoscandia through processes involving switches of the thermohaline circulation from a glacial mode to a modern one and associated warming of the northern hemisphere. A set of sensitivity experiments has been carried out to test the relative importance of both forcing factors and internal processes in the deglaciation mechanism. It appears that the deglaciation is primarily driven by insolation. However, the atmospheric CO2 modulates the timing of the melting of the Fennoscandian ice sheet, and results relative to Laurentide illustrate the existence of threshold CO2 values, that can be translated in terms of critical temperature, below which the deglaciation is impeded. Finally, we show that the beginning of the deglaciation process of the Laurentide ice sheet may be influenced by the time at which the shift of the thermohaline circulation from one mode to the other occurs. 相似文献
5.
本文对第22太阳周(1987年1月至1992年12月)中发生过M级以上的X射线耀斑(Hα耀斑级别≥M级,并伴有X射线的耀斑)对应的395个活动区资料进行了耀斑指数的统计,得到的结果:1.22太阳周M级以上X射线耀斑级别综合指数表,2.22太阳周M级以上X射线耀斑总指数表,3.第22太阳周M级以上X射线耀斑总指数随时间的变化曲线,4.第22太阳周M级以上X射线濯斑总指数直方图,该图表明第22太阳周活动的极大年分别是1989和1991年,为第23周太阳活动预报提供了可用参数。 相似文献
6.
D. Prandle 《Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science》1985,20(5):615-635
An examination is made of the circulation in narrow estuaries subject to a predominant tidal forcing. Velocity structures are derived separately for residual flow components associated with (a) river flow, (b) wind stress, (c) a well-mixed longitudinal density gradient and (d) a fully stratified saline wedge. Dimensionless parameters are introduced to indicate the magnitude of each component and these parameters are evaluated for 9 major estuaries, thereby revealing their sensitivity to each component.For a channel of constant breadth and depth, formulae are deduced for the length of saline intrusion, L. Comparisons with observed data show that such formulae may be used with confidence to predict changes in L arising from variations in river flow, tidal range or channel depths.The level of stratification is shown to be related to a product of two parameters, one associated with velocity structure and a second involving the square of the ‘flow ratio’ (i.e. residual velocity/amplitude of the tidal velocity). This relationship provides a simple classification system for estuarine stratification which can be used to indicate the sensitivity of any particular estuary to changing conditions. 相似文献
7.
研究了湛江沿海中华乌塘鳢个体生殖力及其与生物学指标的关系。结果表明 :个体绝对生殖力为 840 0~ 3 3 2 70粒 ,个体相对生殖力FL 为 5 67 6~ 1 83 3 2粒 /cm ,Fw为 1 5 5 6~ 482 7粒 /g ;个体绝对生殖力与体长、体重、空壳重、卵巢重呈直线相关 ,与年龄呈二次函数相关 ,与成熟系数和肥满度相关关系不显著 ;个体相对生殖力FL 与各生物学指标正相关 ,Fw除了与卵巢重、肥满度和年龄相关关系不显著外 ,其余均显著相关 相似文献
8.
In this paper, we present 50 surface water samples collected during the IMAGES III cruise (June–July 1997) along a transect from New Zealand to the China Sea (42°S–178°E, 21°N–120°E) covering a temperature range from 13.3 to 30.4 °C. A very worthwhile aspect of this study is a coupling of both biomarker (alkenone) and coccolithophorid counting. We show that the U37k′–temperature relationship is very similar to the Prahl et al. [Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 52 (1988) 2203] culture calibration and to the global core top calibration of Müller et al. [Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 62 (1998) 1757]. However, in the warmest surface waters of the Western Pacific ocean (>26.4 °C) where Gephyrocapsa oceanica is likely the most widespread species, the associated U37k′ has a constant value of 1.0. The consequence is that above this temperature threshold, U37k′ cannot be used as an accurate paleothermometer. 相似文献
9.
LIU Na CHEN Hongxia 《中国海洋大学学报(英文版)》2006,5(2):99-105
Using the monthly wind and sea surface temperature (SST) data, southern meridional atmospheric circulation cells associated with the Indian Ocean Dipole Mode (IOD) events in the Indian Ocean are for the first time described and examineS. The divergent wind and pressure vertical velocity are employed for the identification of atmospheric circulation cells. During the four different phases of the positive IOD events, the anomalous meridional Hadley circulation over the western Indian Ocean shows that the air rises in the tropics, flows poleward in the upper troposphere, sinks in the subtropics, and returns back to the tropics in the lower troposphere. The anomalous Hadley circulation over the eastern Indian Ocean is opposite to that over the western Indian Ocean. During positive IOD events, the meridional Hadley circulation over the eastern Indian Ocean is weakened while it is strengthened over the western Indian Ocean. Correlation analysis between the IOD index and the indices of the Hadley cells also proves that, the atmospheric circulation patterns are evident in every IOD event over the period of record. 相似文献
10.
C. Giraudi 《第四纪科学杂志》2004,19(6):537-545
The island of Lampedusa lies on the northern edge of the African continental shelf, but during some Quaternary marine lowstands it was joined to the African continent. The study and dating of the aeolian, alluvial, detrital sediments, calcareous crusts and speleothems have established that the climatic–environmental variations recorded on the island can be related chronologically to those known for northern Libya, Tunisia and the Italian peninsula. During the Last Glacial Maximum, phases of Saharan dust accumulation on Lampedusa occurred, and were coeval with dust accumulation in crater lakes and on high mountains in central‐southern Italy, and with phases of glacial advance in the Apennines and in the Alps. During the late Holocene, accumulation of Saharan dust on Lampedusa occurred but there was little accumulation of dust on the northern side of the Mediterranean Sea. With the new data from Lampedusa, it is possible to envisage two different scenarios of atmospheric circulation relating to the Last Glacial Maximum and to the late Holocene. During the Last Glacial Maximum, southerly atmospheric circulation brought rainfall to the southern slopes of the Alps and to the Apennines. During the late Holocene, a prevalent westerly atmospheric circulation became established in the northern Mediterranean. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献