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1.
The buzzsaw hypothesis refers to the potential for glacial and periglacial processes to rapidly denude mountains at and above glacier Equilibrium Line Altitudes (ELAs), irrespective of uplift rates, rock type or pre-existing topography. Here the appropriateness of the buzzsaw metaphor is examined alongside questions of the links between glacial erosion and ELAs, and whether the glacial system can produce low-relief surfaces or limit summit heights. Plateau fragments in mountains on both active orogens and passive margins that have been cited as products of glacial and periglacial buzzsaw erosion instead generally represent dissected remnants of largely inherited, pre-glacial relief. Summit heights may correlate with ELAs but no causal link need be implied as summit erosion rates are low, cirque headwalls may not directly abut summits and, on passive margins, cirques are cut into pre-existing mountain topography. Any simple links between ELAs and glacial erosion break down on passive margins due to topographic forcing of ice-sheet growth, and to the km-scale vertical swaths through which ELAs have shifted through the Quaternary. Glaciers destroy rather than create low-relief rock surfaces through the innate tendency for ice flow to be faster, thicker and warmer along valleys. The glacial buzzsaw cuts down. 相似文献
2.
Carlo Giraudi 《Quaternary Research》2009,71(1):1-8
The sediments present in some areas of the Orco Valley provide indications on climatic variations that occurred during the last 6000 years on the southern slopes of the Alps. In particular, distribution and ages of peat layers help define periods and extent of glacial fluctuation in the last 2200 years. Sampling of soils involved in periglacial processes provided a basis for development of a chronological framework of late Holocene environmental change. The data indicate a trend toward cooler climate in the second half of the Holocene. A strong relationship exists between phases of River Po flooding and expansion/retreat phases of the Swiss glaciers: major glacial advances were coeval with periods of intense flooding of the River Po, whereas the phases of glacial retreat coincided with periods of little flooding of the Po. Only in three cases do relationships between glacier activity and floods show weak correlations; two of the cases relate to the warmest periods in approximately the last 2200 years, while the third is the present period. Paleoclimatic evidence from the study region indicates the relatively warm Roman Period between about 2200 and 1900 cal yr BP appears to better represent modern conditions than does the Medieval Warm Period. 相似文献
3.
Analyzing snowfall variability over two locations in Kashmir,India in the context of warming climate
Present study focuses on examination snowfall variability over Gulmarg and Pahalgam of Kashmir Valley in India during past 31 years (1980–2010). Trends in temperature over the study area is also explored. Minimum and maximum temperature shows increasing trends which is consistent with increase in black carbon column mass density. Increase in black carbon mass density is attributed to urbanization over study area. Trends of minimum temperature is statistically significant. It is reported that snowfall over the Pahalgam shows decreasing trend except for the month of February and January. Pahalgam shows a significant decreasing trend in snowfall of about 48 mm per decade during March. Pahalgam and Gulmarg show seasonal decreasing trends of snowfall of about 15 mm and 1.8 mm per decade, respectively. These decreasing trends in snowfall are consistent with decadal increasing trends of about 1.2 °C and 0.8 °C in minimum temperature over Pahalgam and Gulmarg, respectively. Seasonal snowfall over both the regions shows decreasing trend (insignificant). Results reported in this study show a decrease of about 24.16% ± 9.86% per degree increase in minimum temperature over Pahalgam. Changing characteristics of snowfall in the context of anthropogenic warming present major challenges to the tourism and socioeconomic aspects over the Valley. 相似文献
4.
青藏高原内流区特殊的地理位置和自然环境使得对本区域冰川体积变化的研究相比中国西部其他冰川发育区难度大很多.而作为本区域重要水源补给,同时又是区域气候变化重要指示器的冰川,其储量的变化又是迫切需要获知的信息.在此前提下,本文基于RS、GIS技术平台提取了本区域冰川面积变化数据,并结合冰川目录数据、本区域冰川面积变化的研究资料,采用冰川体积与面积之间的统计关系模型,探讨了本区域冰川自1970年至2000年的体积变化.结果表明在这30年间,区域内冰川体积大约减少了36.25亿m3,相比整个高亚洲区域的冰川退缩速度,本区域冰川的退缩表现的更缓慢.然后,对内流区6个二级流域的冰川体积变化做了详细的对比分析,发现整个内流区冰川体积变化有较大的区域差别：其中5Z3流域冰川体积的退缩率最大,年均退缩率达-11.19%,而变化最小的5Z1流域年均变化率仅为-0.79%.各二级流域在体积变化方面的相同点是,体积退缩率均大于面积退缩率.通过对冰川面积、体积变化特点及其原因的分析,认为气候变化的区域差异是该区域内各二级流域冰川变化存在差异的主要原因.最后根据本文得到的结果,讨论了冰川体积变化对本区域的生态环境造成的影响. 相似文献
5.
Paul T. Robinson Department of Earth Sciences Dalhousie University Canada 《Continental Dynamics》2000,(1)
1. Introduction to surface processesThe shape or morphology of Earth's surface is basically the result of the interplay between two competing forces - mountain building and erosion. Tectonic forces, driven by thermal energy from Earth's interior, cause the rocks of the crust to be folded, faulted and uplifted into high plateaus and mountain belts. As soon as uplift begins, the processes of erosion, driven by gravity, start to wear away the rocks. Masses of weathered rock move downhill under t… 相似文献
6.
Ute C. Herzfeld 《Mathematical Geosciences》2008,40(5):587-618
The topic of this paper is the retrieval of hidden or secondary information on complex spatial variables from geophysical
data. Typical situations of obscured geological or geophysical information are the following: (1) Noise may disturb the signal
for a variable for which measurements have been collected. (2) The variable of interest may be obscured by other geophysical
processes. (3) The information of interest may formally be captured in a secondary variable, whereas data may have been collected
for a primary variable only, that is related to the geophysical process of interest. Examples discussed here include mapping
of marine-geologic provinces from bathymetric data, identification of sea-ice properties from snow-depth data, analysis of
snow surface data in an Alpine environment and association of deformation types in fast-moving glaciers from airborne video
material or satellite imagery. Data types include geophysical profile or trackline data, image data, grid or matrix-type data,
and more generally, any two-dimensional or three-dimensional discrete or discretizable data sets.
The framework for a solution is geostatistical characterization and classification, which typically involves the following
steps: (1) calculation of vario functions (which may be of higher order or residual type, or combinations of both), (2) derivation
of classification parameters from vario functions, and (3) characterization, classification or segmentation, depending on
the applied problem. In some situations, spatial surface roughness is utilized as an auxiliary variable, for instance, roughness
of the seafloor may be derived from bathymetric data and be indicative of geological provinces.
The objective of this paper is to present components of the geostatistical classification method in a summarizing and synoptical
manner, motivated by applied examples and integrating principal and generalized concepts, such as hyperparameters and parameters
that relate to the same physical processes and work for data in oversampled and undersampled situations, parameters that facilitate
comparison among different data types, data sets and across scales, variograms and vario functions of higher order, and deterministic
and connectionist classification algorithms. 相似文献
7.
P. N. Shukla N. Bhandari V. N. Nijampurkar D. Kameswara Rao V. M. K. Puri Sanjiv Sharma 《Journal of Earth System Science》1983,92(3):255-260
Vertical profiles of137Cs and210Pb have been determined in a 9 m column of ice from accumulation zone of Changme-Khangpu glacier in north Sikkim valley.137Cs activity varies from 4 to 22 dpm/ L. In many samples210Pb occurs at a level of 20 to 65 dpm/ L which is much higher than the expected fallout value.137Cs and210Pb activities correlate well with each other but not with the dust content. Possibility of210Pb production in the nuclear explosions is discussed. Several peaks appear in the depth profile of137Cs and210Pb which can be matched with Chinese atmospheric nuclear explosions with some phase difference if a uniform ice accumulation
rate of 0.7 m per year is assumed since 1969. 相似文献
8.
9.
Njila Souza da Rocha Bijeesh K Veettil Atilio Grondona Silvia Rolim 《Singapore journal of tropical geography》2019,40(3):346-360
Recent decades, particularly since the late 1970s, have witnessed a rapid retreat of glaciers in the tropical Andes. We compiled the changes in glacier surfaces along the eastern cordilleras of the tropical Andes of Peru and Bolivia since the early 1980s from the literature. Water levels from two Brazilian river basins in the Amazon basin (one (Madeira River) glacially fed by meltwater from the Andes and the other (Envira River) non‐glacially fed), were analysed for a 30‐year period between 1985?2014. Furthermore, precipitation data near these two basins were also analysed in order to understand the differential contributions of glacier melting and rainfall. Variations in the water levels from the glacially fed Madeira River showed that some years were associated with higher water levels even when the precipitation remained low during the corresponding season (May‐October). This observation was common when El Niño events occurred during the positive phase of Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO). Water levels in glacier‐fed Madeira River were slightly higher during the periods where El Niño and warm PDO co‐occurred. On the other hand, water levels in the Envira River were precipitation dependent; water levels were higher when the rainfall was high. 相似文献
10.
Across the plate boundary zone in south central Alaska, tectonic strain rates are high in a region that includes large glaciers undergoing wastage (glacier retreat and thinning) and surges. For the coastal region between the Bering and Malaspina Glaciers, the average ice mass thickness changes between 1995 and 2000 range from 1 to 5 m/year. These ice changes caused solid Earth displacements in our study region with predicted values of −10 to 50 mm in the vertical and predicted horizontal displacements of 0–10 mm at variable orientations. Relative to stable North America, observed horizontal rates of tectonic deformation range from 10 to 40 mm/year to the north–northwest and the predicted tectonic uplift rates range from approximately 0 mm/year near the Gulf of Alaska coast to 12 mm/year further inland. The ice mass changes between 1995 and 2000 resulted in discernible changes in the Global Positioning System (GPS) measured station positions of one site (ISLE) located adjacent to the Bagley Ice Valley and at one site, DON, located south of the Bering Glacier terminus. In addition to modifying the surface displacements rates, we evaluated the influence ice changes during the Bering glacier surge cycle had on the background seismic rate. We found an increase in the number of earthquakes (ML≥2.5) and seismic rate associated with ice thinning and a decrease in the number of earthquakes and seismic rate associated with ice thickening. These results support the hypothesis that ice mass changes can modulate the background seismic rate.During the last century, wastage of the coastal glaciers in the Icy Bay and Malaspina region indicates thinning of hundreds of meters and in areas of major retreat, maximum losses of ice thickness approaching 1 km. Between the 1899 Yakataga and Yakutat earthquakes (Mw=8.1, 8.1) and prior to the 1979 St. Elias earthquake (Ms=7.2), the plate interface below Icy Bay was locked and tectonic strain accumulated. We used estimated ice mass change during the 1899–1979 time period to calculate the change in the fault stability margin (FSM) prior to the 1979 St. Elias earthquake. Our results suggest that a cumulative decrease in the fault stability margin at seismogenic depths, due to ice wastage over 80 years, was large, up to 2 MPa. Ice wastage would promote thrust faulting in events such as the 1979 earthquake and subsequent aftershocks. 相似文献