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海洋是全球最大的碳汇,确定海洋中人为碳含量及其时空变化是一件具有挑战性的工作。就当前海洋人为碳含量确定方法、人为碳储量及其随时间变化进行综述总结。研究表明海洋仍然可以吸收并储藏大量的人为碳,但未来对于海洋吸收储藏人为碳的研究仍具有诸多不确定性。已有证据表明稳态海洋的概念不完全正确,需要在非稳态条件下重新定义人为碳并开展研究。同时需要积累更多的观测数据,采用包括观测和模式模拟等手段来研究不同时间尺度的人为碳的吸收和储藏过程。 相似文献
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We model the development of shape preferred orientation (SPO) of a large population of two- and three-dimensional (2D and 3D) rigid clasts suspended in a linear viscous matrix deformed by superposed steady and continuously non-steady plane strain flows to investigate the sensitivity of clasts to changing boundary conditions during a single or superposed deformation events. Resultant clast SPOs are compared to one developed by an identical initial population that experienced a steady flow history of constant kinematic vorticity and reached an identical finite strain state, allowing examination of SPO sensitivity to deformation path. Rotation paths of individual triaxial inclusions are complex, even for steady plane strain flow histories. It has been suggested that the 3D nature of the system renders predictions based on 2D models inadequate for applied clast-based kinematic vorticity gauges. We demonstrate that for a large population of clasts, simplification to a 2D model does provide a good approximation to the SPO predicted by full 3D analysis for steady and non-steady plane strain deformation paths. Predictions of shape fabric development from 2D models are not only qualitatively similar to the more complex 3D analysis, but they display the same limitations of techniques based on clast SPO commonly used as a quantitative kinematic vorticity gauge. Our model results from steady, superposed, and non-steady flow histories with a significant pure shearing component at a wide range of finite strain resemble predictions for an identical initial population that experienced a single steady simple shearing deformation. We conclude that individual 2D and 3D clasts respond instantaneously to changes in boundary conditions, however, in aggregate, the SPO of a population of rigid inclusions does not reflect the late-stage kinematics of deformation, nor is it an indicator of the unique ‘mean’ kinematic vorticity experienced by a deformed rock volume. 相似文献
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J. Kirk Cochran Juan Carlos Miquel Robert Armstrong Scott W. Fowler Pere Masqu Beat Gasser David Hirschberg Jennifer Szlosek Alessia M. Rodriguez y Baena Elisabet Verdeny Gillian M. Stewart 《Deep Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography》2009,56(18):1487-1501
Disequilibrium between 234Th and 238U in water column profiles has been used to estimate the settling flux of Th (and, by proxy, of particulate organic carbon); yet potentially major non-steady-state influences on 234Th profiles are often not able to be considered in estimations of flux. We have compared temporal series of 234Th distributions in the upper water column at both coastal and deep-water sites in the northwestern Mediterranean Sea to coeval sediment trap records at the same sites. We have used sediment trap records of 234Th fluxes to predict temporal changes in water column 234Th deficits and have compared the predicted deficits to those measured to determine whether the time-evolution of the two coincide. At the coastal site (327 m water depth), trends in the two estimates of water column 234Th deficits are in fairly close agreement over the 1-month deployment during the spring bloom in 1999. In contrast, the pattern of water column 234Th deficits is poorly predicted by sediment trap records at the deep-water site (DYFAMED, 2300 m water depth) in both 2003 and 2005. In particular, the transition from a mesotrophic to an oligotrophic system, clearly seen in trap fluxes, is not evident in water column 234Th profiles, which show high-frequency variability. Allowing trapping efficiencies to vary from 100% does not reconcile the differences between trap and water column deficit observations; we conclude that substantial lateral and vertical advective influences must be invoked to account for the differences.Advective influences are potentially greater on 234Th fluxes derived from water column deficits relative to those obtained from traps because the calculation of deficits in open-ocean settings is dominated by the magnitude of the “dissolved” 234Th fraction. For observed current velocities of 5–20 cm s−1, in one radioactive mean-life of 234Th, the water column at the DYFAMED site can reflect 234Th scavenging produced tens to hundreds of kilometers away. In contrast, most of the 234Th flux collected in shallow sediment traps at the DFYFAMED site was in the fraction settling >200 m d−1; in effect the sediment trap can integrate the 234Th flux over distances 40-fold less than water column 234Th distributions. In some sense, sediment trap and water column sampling for 234Th provide complementary pictures of 234Th export. However, because the two methods can be dominated by different processes and are subject to different biases, their comparison must be treated with caution. 相似文献
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在高精度动态大地测量时,为考虑地下水单井排放对台站坐标的影响,需精细研究不同水流系统和地层模型下相应的定量计算问题．本文将地下水单井排放诱发地表位移的一般公式与Muman理论结合起来,导出了适用于各向异性和滞后反应的无压含水层完整井非稳定流单井排放诱发的地表位移的解析表达式,以20个结点的Hermite求积公式和15个结点的Gauss－laguerre求积公式,编制了相应的计算程序,给出了模拟算例．本文的研究在理论上比基于Boulton理论的相应研究更合理,在实践上此方案是可行的． 相似文献
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在高精度动态大地测量时,为考虑地下水单井排放对台站坐标的影响,需精细研究不同水流系统和地层模型下相应的定量计算问题．本文将地下水单井排放诱发地表位移的一般公式与Muman理论结合起来,导出了适用于各向异性和滞后反应的无压含水层完整井非稳定流单井排放诱发的地表位移的解析表达式,以20个结点的Hermite求积公式和15个结点的Gauss－laguerre求积公式,编制了相应的计算程序,给出了模拟算例．本文的研究在理论上比基于Boulton理论的相应研究更合理,在实践上此方案是可行的． 相似文献
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本文以Senior-Blanc的驱动电位随时间阶跃变化的简单模式为基础,讨论了随时间阶跃变化的场向电流驱动下电离层电场的时间演变。结果表明,场向电流驱动和电位驱动的总体过程是一致的。在两种情况下,有关物理量都经约50分钟的弛豫时间而趋向于稳定态。但两者也有一定的差异。这主要表现在,电流驱动下极盖区边界上的电位不再是常量,而是一个随时间作指数衰减的函数,最后趋于稳态值;极光区的稳态和初态电场相差不大。此外,电流驱动下场向电流2的稳态值小一些,似乎更接近于观测值;各区电位随纬度的变化更快些,最大电位出现的时间也更早一些。对屏蔽因子和屏蔽时间常数的计算表明,电流驱动比电位驱动的屏蔽要强些。这些都反映了电流驱动和电位驱动的不同特点。 相似文献
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