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二氧化碳洗井方法具有设备简单、用时少,效果好的特点,但随着钻孔深度和孔径加大,井管材料的更新换代,有时也会难以出现壮观的井喷场面,达不到理想的洗井效果,使用范围受到限制的问题。总结多年的洗井经验,依据二氧化碳洗井原理,运用洗井过程中起动压力和用气量的计算公式,进而对洗井深度和影响用气量的因素进行了分析,结果表明:1该方法比较适用于井深300m左右、孔径Φ325mm以内、泥浆相对密度小于1.1g/cm3的新打水井,对大于300m的深井,可采用分层洗井法或压风机引喷法进行洗井。2井喷形成时的二氧化碳气体用量,与瓶内气体的压力、钻杆的下入深度、环空体积、地面管路的长度与直径、钻杆内径、钻井液的密度等成正比,而与水温、气温等成反比;当井的含水层的水柱高度低于70m时,一般不易形成井喷。3二氧化碳洗井适用于井内下入钢管、铸铁管等抗压强度较高的井。对水泥管、塑料管等强度较低的井管则要视情况具体分析。 相似文献
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油气井发生溢流或井喷后,立即关闭防喷器,关井期间防喷器需经受关井产生的水击压力作用。本文在对井喷关井水击的传播物理特征分析的基础上,推导直接关井水击压力计算公式,综合考虑井筒流体含气率、气液两相流型、固相类型等对水击波速的影响,推导水击波在气、液、固三相混合流体中传播速度计算公式,并通过算例对水击波速影响因素进行分析。计算表明水击波速对含气率变化非常敏感,钻井液含气率在0～0.001的时候,水击波速几乎是发生了突变,水击波速在含气率为0.001时仅为385 m/s,相比纯钻井液情况下降了67%,而钻井液固相含量、套管的内径和壁厚对水击波传播速度影响较小。 相似文献
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固定沙丘风蚀坑风沙动力学观测研究 总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5
风蚀坑是固定沙丘活化的标志,也是沙漠化的首要环节。本文利用三杯风速仪、风向标及阶梯式集沙仪,对浑善达克沙地南缘固定沙丘风蚀坑的气流及输沙进行了观测。结果表明,气流进入风蚀坑后,经历了扩散减速—辐合加速—分离减速—逐渐恢复的过程。入风方向的微小变化、地形及植被导致风蚀坑气流结构、强度及输沙模式趋于复杂。与轴线平行（< 10°）的纵向气流使侵蚀坑内减速区西移,风速及输沙率由坑底向两侧壁及积沙区增加;与轴线斜交（≥ 10°）的气流使减速区东移,气流沿两侧壁向东加速及输沙。积沙区顶部的气流汇集与植被的作用使其加积增高。气流—形态相互作用使风蚀坑加深和纵向延伸并伴随侧向扩展。 相似文献
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First direct evidence for ongoing gas seepage activity on the abandoned well site 22/4b (Northern North Sea, 57°55′ N, 01°38′ E) and discovery of neighboring seepage activity is provided from observations since 2005. A manned submersible dive in 2006 discovered several extraordinary intense seepage sites within a 60 m wide and 20 m deep crater cut into the flat 96 m deep seafloor. Capture and (isotope) chemical analyses of the gas bubbles near the seafloor revealed in situ concentrations of methane between 88 and 90%Vol. with δ13C–CH4 values around −74‰ VPDB, indicating a biogenic origin. Bulk methane concentrations throughout the water column were assessed by 120 Niskin water samples showing up to 400.000 nM CH4 in the crater at depth. In contrast, concentrations above the thermocline were orders of magnitude lower, with a median value of 20 nM. A dye tracer injection into the gas seeps revealed upwelling bubble and water motion with gas plume rise velocities up to ∼1 ms−1 (determined near the seabed). However, the dissolved dye did not pass the thermocline, but returned down to the seabed. Measurements of direct bubble-mediated atmospheric flux revealed low values of 0.7 ± 0.3 kty−1, much less than current state-of-the-art bubble dissolution models would predict for such a strong and upwelling in situ gas bubble flux at shallow water depths (i.e. ∼100 m).Acoustic multibeam water column imaging data indicate a pronounced 200 m lateral intrusion at the thermocline together with high methane concentration at this layer. A partly downward-orientated bubble plume motion is also visible in the acoustic data with potential short-circuiting in accordance to the dye experiment. This observation could partly explain the observed trapping of most of the released gas below the well-established thermocline in the North Sea. Moreover, 3D analyses of the multibeam water column data reveal that the upwelling plume transforms into a spiral expanding vortex while rising through the water column. Such a spiral vortex motion has never been reported before for marine gas seepage and might represent an important process with strong implication on plume dynamics, dissolution behavior, gas escape to the atmosphere, and is considered very important for respective modeling approaches. 相似文献
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沙质草地碟形风蚀坑形态气流相互作用 总被引：3，自引：1，他引：2
呼伦贝尔沙质草地碟形风蚀坑长轴走向呈WNW-ESE。野外观测结果表明,风向与碟形风蚀坑长轴走向关系决定了风蚀坑内部的气流模式,右斜交与垂直气流促使风蚀坑横向扩展与深挖,平行与左斜交气流有利于侵蚀区内部沙物质的向外输送并导致风蚀坑沿长轴向延伸。右斜交及垂向气流在碟形坑南缘产生顺时针向的垂直轴涡流,而平行与左斜交向气流在西北缘产生逆时针向的垂直轴涡流。沿长轴向,气流进入风蚀坑边缘发生分离减速,在风蚀坑底部重新附着,沿出风段坡面开始加速上升至坑后沙丘顶部,在坑后沙丘背风坡气流发生扩散减速。在横断面或弧形断面气流以单增或单减的形式存在。观测期间风蚀坑总体上以堆积作用为主,区域风能大小决定了蚀积作用强弱,而输沙方向与风蚀坑长轴向夹角决定蚀积空间分布格局。 相似文献
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Landscape pattern change and driving force of blowout distribution in the Hulun Buir Sandy Grassland 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
The land coverage pattern changes for the past 50 years in a typical region of the Hulun Buir Sandy Grassland were interpreted and analyzed based on a series of remote sensing images in 1959, 2002, 2004 and 2009. The temporal and spatial changes of landscape patterns were revealed and the driving forces were analyzed. The results show that all land coverage types had large variable amplitudes. The grassland area decreased, whereas other areas increased. Owing to implementation of artificial sand fixation from 2004 to 2009, the areas of flowing blowouts and depositional area decreased by 71,369 and 128,835 m2, respectively. The average patch area reduced, but the number of blowouts increased, fractal dimension increased, and blowout structure became complex. The fragmentation index increased, whereas contagion index decreased. Driving force analysis shows that human factors such as overgrazing are slightly larger than natural factors of increased temperature and decreased precipitation. 相似文献
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呼伦贝尔沙质草原风蚀坑研究（Ⅱ）:发育过程 总被引：7，自引：4，他引：3
沙质草原风蚀坑的发育过程主要有以下几个阶段:风蚀裸地→土层破口→活跃发展风蚀坑→固定风蚀坑→消亡风蚀坑。固定或消亡的风蚀坑可能活化,并重新进入活跃发展阶段。地貌发育则相应地经历典型草原景观→沙漠-草原景观→沙地-草原景观的总体演变过程。风蚀坑的发展有极限控制。但是各类沙丘的固定非常困难,有向大规模典型沙漠景观发展的高度危险。风蚀坑的形成发展和植被的演替将平坦单调缺水的典型草原改造成地形起伏多变,并有星散分布的风蚀坑湿地点缀其间、植被类型丰富多样的乔、灌、草相结合的沙地疏林草原。因地制宜地保护和利用沙质草原,可以保持其生态系统不致恶化并促进其不断优化。 相似文献
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在空气潜孔锤钻进时,孔口安装防喷装置可将高速返出的粉尘或泥浆导离孔口,防止喷向工作台而污染孔口工作环境。综合考虑ZMK5530TZJ60型车载钻机孔口工作台结构特点、配套的斜坡钻杆外形特征、钻进工艺特点以及装卸操作环境等因素,设计了一款适用于顶驱车载钻机的空气潜孔锤钻进用低压防喷装置。该低压防喷装置具有结构简单、安装方便;通过胶芯与钻具之间的过盈实现孔口密封,密封胶芯补偿量大,可密封外径变化较大的斜坡钻杆;可在加接钻杆时更换密封胶芯;设置了2个导流口,上返流体在此压降变化小,有利于排渣的通畅等优点。现场试验表明,该低压防喷装置能够有效密封粉尘泄漏、明显改善孔口施工环境,达到了设计的目的。 相似文献