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以雅安市雨城区的严桥河和周公河流域的河床壶穴为研究对象,对128处壶穴形态规模与几何参数进行详细测量。运用定量统计方法分析壶穴的分布规模和形态特征。结果表明:周公河流域壶穴大多分布在岸边大石块上,严桥河流域壶穴主要分布于河床的岩坎上;两地壶穴平均分布密度为0.43个/m2,相对其他区域较小,且壶穴的长短轴和平均口径与深度都有相对明显的规律。在平面形态上,壶穴形态多样,周公河以近圆型壶穴最多,占52.5%,严桥河以椭圆型壶穴最多,占63.6%。在垂直剖面形态上,周公河处壶穴90%属于U型,其余为V型;严桥河处壶穴V型和U型分别占52.3%和44.3%,还有3.4%属倒Ω型;两地壶穴都以浅型为主。 相似文献
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通过对贵州绥阳寒武系中上统娄山关组中发育洞穴之阴河洞地下河河床基岩面上49个壶穴进行详细测量和统计学定量分析,对其形态特征及空间分布进行描述,并探讨其形成演化过程和影响因素。主要结论为：阴河洞壶穴的整体形态以极浅的倒“Ω”型和“锅”型壶穴为主,并且壶穴发育相对较年轻;壶穴长短轴具有一定的相关性,但平均口径与深度的相关性较差,说明壶穴在发育的过程在洪水期以口径增大为主,枯水期以溶蚀深度加深为主,且表现为地下河河床下切的形式之一;从发育阶段看,阴河洞壶穴的形成演化主要分为3个阶段：“碟型”壶穴形成阶段;倒“Ω”型壶穴发育阶段;“锅”型壶穴发育阶段,其形成主要受水动力条件、构造条件、推移质、基岩性质和溶蚀作用等因素耦合的作用;洞穴壶穴主要是流水的侵—溶蚀作用形成的,并非冰川作用的结果,与“冰臼”的发育存在本质上的区别。 相似文献
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How does anisotropy in bedrock river granitic outcrops influence pothole genesis and development? 
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下载免费PDF全文 Pothole formation and development may be influenced by joint sets and other heterogeneities within bedrock, as well as by hydraulics. Previous research indicates that most potholes found in rivers of the mountainous Spanish Central System exhibit preferred orientations associated with dominant joints and correlate more strongly with variations in substrate resistance than with hydraulics. Weathering and erosion weaken rock surfaces, which leads to decreased mechanical resistance. We start from the hypothesis that different mechanisms of pothole formation may create around the pothole a distinctive signature in terms of ultrasound pulse velocity and surface hardness. We develop a conceptual model and test it using potholes for which we know the mechanism of formation, demonstrating that the spatial and statistical distributions of dynamical mechanical properties and surface hardness of a pothole may provide insight into its genesis. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
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Desert Potholes: Ephemeral Aquatic Microsystems 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Marjorie?A.?ChanEmail author Katrina?Moser Jim?M.?Davis Gordon?Southam Kebbi?Hughes Tim?Graham 《Aquatic Geochemistry》2005,11(3):279-302
An enigma of the Colorado Plateau high desert is the “pothole”, which ranges from shallow ephemeral puddles to deeply carved
pools. The existence of prokaryotic to eukaryotic organisms within these pools is largely controlled by the presence of collected
rainwater. Multivariate statistical analysis of physical and chemical limnologic data variables measured from potholes indicates
spatial and temporal variations, particularly in water depth, manganese, iron, nitrate and sulfate concentrations and salinity.
Variation in water depth and salinity are likely related to the amount of time since the last precipitation, whereas the other
variables may be related to redox potential. The spatial and temporal variations in water chemistry affect the distribution
of organisms, which must adapt to daily and seasonal extremes of fluctuating temperature (0–60 °C), pH changes of as much
as 5 units over 12 days, and desiccation. For example, many species become dormant when potholes dry, in order to endure intense
heat, UV radiation, desiccation and freezing, only to flourish again upon rehydration. But the pothole organisms also have
a profound impact on the potholes. Through photosynthesis and respiration, pothole organisms affect redox potential, and indirectly
alter the water chemistry. Laboratory examination of dried biofilm from the potholes revealed that within 2 weeks of hydration,
the surface of the desiccated, black biofilm became green from cyanobacterial growth, which supported significant growth in
heterotrophic bacterial populations. This complex biofilm is persumably responsible for dissolving the cement between the
sandstone grains, allowing the potholes to enlarge, and for sealing the potholes, enabling them to retain water longer than
the surrounding sandstone. Despite the remarkable ability of life in potholes to persist, desert potholes may be extremely
sensitive to anthropogenic effects. The unique limnology and ecology of Utah potholes holds great scientific value for understanding
water–rock–biological interactions with possible applications to life on other planetary bodies. 相似文献
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喀斯特洞穴窝穴的形态对比与成因分析——以贵州省双河洞为例 总被引：2，自引：2，他引：0
喀斯特洞穴窝穴作为洞穴小形态的一种,记录了喀斯特地区地下河的演变过程和洞穴的发育状况。通过对双河洞系统中阴河洞、响水洞洞穴窝穴的规模、形态大小进行统计,对比了两洞穴窝穴形态的差异性并分析其成因。结果表明:在规模上,阴河洞窝穴分布面积较小,但窝穴数量相当可观,响水洞窝穴分布数量巨大,范围广泛,成千上万的窝穴沿洞穴通道两侧分布;在平面形态上,阴河洞内窝穴扁率要高于响水洞;在垂直剖面上,阴河洞内窝穴深宽比要比响水洞的偏大,且阴河洞窝穴以“V”型、倒“Ω”型窝穴为主,响水洞窝穴以倒“Ω”型窝穴为主,这与两洞穴水动力条件、地质构造、推移质、基岩、风化溶蚀作用等因素的不同密切相关。 相似文献
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对内蒙、河北等地新近发现的壶穴进行详细的计量及采样分析 ,并参考国内外相关研究资料 ,认为本区壶穴是非冰成的风化风蚀穴。它的发育受到风、温度、降水、湿度、生物、地貌及岩体的结构构造等多种因子的控制。其中风化 ,尤其是盐风化等化学风化 ,是其主要控制因子 ,而风不仅加速风化 ,进行风蚀 ,并不断把风化物搬运走。作者综观国内外各类壶穴 ,并结合自己的研究成果 ,对壶穴的成因进行了类型划分 ,这些成因皆反映了特定的环境背景。本区古人类文化相当发达 ,壶穴正是在夏家店文化年代跨度内达到了相对稳定 ,气候环境、地貌过程、文化类型三者存在很好的响应互动关系。 相似文献
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崂山花岗岩山脊壶穴的特征及成因探讨 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
关于中国北方地区花岗岩山脊壶穴(有报刊称之为冰臼、冰川壶穴、A型风化穴、岩臼、锅穴、坑穴等)的争论一直不断,通过对青岛崂山花岗岩山脊壶穴的形态及分布特征的实地仔细观察和分析研究发现,青岛崂山花岗岩山脊壶穴同其他北方地区花岗岩山脊壶穴一样,具有口小、肚大、底平、内有水平纹理的特征。山脊壶穴有一出水口,以出水口水平面为界,以上为"口小"的部分即本文称之为壶檐,以下即"肚大"的部分为壶穴的主体。根据山脊壶穴的这些特征认为,崂山花岗岩山脊壶穴是由于壶穴内冬季水面的结冰对壶穴内壁的冰蚀作用所形成的,每年冬季在不同的水位结冰,便在壶穴内不同的部位产生冰蚀,由于壶穴内最高水位与出水口持平,故其上部分不发生冰蚀,便形成壶檐即"口小",其下部分不断被冰蚀扩大便形成"肚大"的特征。同时,崂山花岗岩山脊壶穴的生长发育必须满足这样的条件:位于山顶部位,没有外来流水、沉积物及生物枝叶等落入壶内。本文用冰蚀作用解释了崂山花岗岩山脊壶穴的基本特征,对花岗岩山脊壶穴发育过程进行了探讨,并指出崂山花岗岩山脊壶穴的产生—发育—消亡是现代花岗岩冰蚀作用的产物,而且这种过程目前仍在进行中,与第四纪冰川无关。 相似文献
8.
M. G. Thakkar B. Goyal A. K. Patidar D. M. Maurya L. S. Chamyal 《Journal of Earth System Science》2006,115(2):249-256
Kachchh possesses a fault-controlled first-order topography and several geomorphic features indicative of active tectonics.
Though coseismic neotectonic activity is believed to be the major factor in the evolution of the landscape, detailed documentation
and analysis of vital landscape features like drainage characteristics, bedrock gorges and terraces are lacking. The present
study is a site-specific documentation of gorges developed in the central part of the mainland Kachchh. We analyzed and interpreted
four gorges occurring on either side of Katrol Hill Fault (KHF). The Khari river gorge is endowed with six levels of bedrock
terraces, some of which are studded with large potholes and flutings. Since no active development of potholes is observed
along the rivers in the present day hyper-arid conditions, we infer an obvious linkage of gorges to the humid phases, which
provided high energy runoff for the formation of gorges and distinct bedrock terraces and associated erosional features. Development
of gorges within the miliolites and incision in the fluvial deposits to the south of the KHF indicates that the gorges were
formed during Early Holocene. However, ubiquitous occurrence of gorges along the streams to the south of KHF, the uniformly
N40‡ E trend of the gorges, their close association with transverse faults and the short length of the exceptionally well
developed Khari river gorge in the low-relief rocky plain to the north of KHF suggests an important role of neotectonic movements 相似文献
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Hydrological models need to be adapted to specific hydrological characteristics of the catchment in which they are applied. In the lowland region of northern Germany, tile drains and depressions are prominent features of the landscape though are often neglected in hydrological modelling on the catchment scale. It is shown how these lowland features can be implemented into the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT). For obtaining the necessary input data, results from a GIS method to derive the location of artificial drainage areas have been used. Another GIS method has been developed to evaluate the spatial distribution and characteristics of landscape depressions. In the study catchment, 31% of the watershed area is artificially drained, which heavily influences groundwater processes. Landscape depressions are common over the 50‐km2 study area and have considerable retention potential with an estimated surface area of 582 ha. It was the scope of this work to evaluate the extent by which these two processes affect model performance. Accordingly, three hypotheses have been formulated and tested through a stepwise incorporation of drainage and depression processes into an auto calibrated default setup: (1) integration of artificial drainage alone; (2) integration of depressions alone and (3) integration of both processes combined. The results show a strong improvement of model performance for including artificial drainage while the depression setup only induces a slight improvement. The incorporation of the two landscape characteristics combined led to an overall enhancement of model performance and the strongest improvement in r2, root mean square error (RMSE) and Nash–Sutcliffe efficiency (NSE) of all setups. In particular, summer rainfall events with high intensity, winter flows and the hydrograph's recession limbs are depicted more realistically. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
10.
再论北京西山山地壶穴的形态特征与成因机制 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
北京西山"京西古道"的"驮兽蹄窝",近些年来因为进山旅游的人越来越多而名声大噪,常见诸报刊、电视、网络等媒体。至于其真正成因,却鲜有学者深究。通过对出现"驮兽蹄窝"的北京西山牛角岭、石佛岭和峰口庵三个垭口详细的野外观察和实地测量,认为基岩路面上那些圆形、椭圆形或多边形凹坑,是历史上无数次暴雨流挟带砂砾冲刷与磨蚀基岩坡面上原先的构造和岩性薄弱部位而逐渐形成的山地壶穴（hillside potholes）,属于正常的雨流侵蚀现象（rain-induced erosion）。壶穴的分布特征（在山脊垭口两侧,沿基岩路面上沟槽成串分布）、几何形态的非对称性、内壁的水平擦痕、底部的中央岛现象,以及长、短轴长度、长短轴比（a/b）、宽深比（D/h）和长轴倾向的统计结果与D-h相关性等数据,皆证明"驮兽蹄窝"的成因是不可能的。 相似文献
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