Outlier detection algorithms and their performance in GOCE gravity field processing   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

M. Kern  T. Preimesberger  M. Allesch  R. Pail  J. Bouman  R. Koop 《Journal of Geodesy》2005,78(9):509-519

The satellite missions CHAMP, GRACE, and GOCE mark the beginning of a new era in gravity field determination and modeling. They provide unique models of the global stationary gravity field and its variation in time. Due to inevitable measurement errors, sophisticated pre-processing steps have to be applied before further use of the satellite measurements. In the framework of the GOCE mission, this includes outlier detection, absolute calibration and validation of the SGG (satellite gravity gradiometry) measurements, and removal of temporal effects. In general, outliers are defined as observations that appear to be inconsistent with the remainder of the data set. One goal is to evaluate the effect of additive, innovative and bulk outliers on the estimates of the spherical harmonic coefficients. It can be shown that even a small number of undetected outliers (<0.2 of all data points) can have an adverse effect on the coefficient estimates. Consequently, concepts for the identification and removal of outliers have to be developed. Novel outlier detection algorithms are derived and statistical methods are presented that may be used for this purpose. The methods aim at high outlier identification rates as well as small failure rates. A combined algorithm, based on wavelets and a statistical method, shows best performance with an identification rate of about 99%. To further reduce the influence of undetected outliers, an outlier detection algorithm is implemented inside the gravity field solver (the Quick-Look Gravity Field Analysis tool was used). This results in spherical harmonic coefficient estimates that are of similar quality to those obtained without outliers in the input data.  相似文献   

Nonlinear chemical couplings in the tropospheric NO x -HO x gas phase chemistry     

J. Zimmermann  D. Poppe 《Journal of Atmospheric Chemistry》1993,17(2):141-155

A bifurcation phenomenon with relevance to atmospheric chemistry is discussed. The gasphase reactions in the troposphere exhibit two types of temporal evolution which are controlled by the strength of the source,Q, of nitric oxide, NO, via the nonlinear chemical coupling between the hydrogen oxides and nitrogen oxides chemistry. IfQ remains below a threshold value, all short-lived species, including NO, approach steady-state concentrations, while above the threshold bifurcation to another state with increasing (nonstationary) NO concentrations accompanied by a depletion of the OH and HO₂ abundances takes place.  相似文献   

From an initial transient-state to a steady-state in metamorphic reactions: An experimental approach in the system dolomite-quartz-H₂O     

Tadao  Nishiyama  Aiko  Tominaga  Hiroshi  Isobe 《Island Arc》2007,16(1):16-27

Abstract We carried out hydrothermal experiments in the system dolomite‐quartz‐H₂O to track the temporal change in reaction rates of simultaneous reactions during the development of reaction zones. Two types of configurations for the starting materials were prepared: dolomite single crystals + quartz powder + water and quartz single crystals + dolomite powder + water, both sealed separately in gold capsules. Runs at 0.1GPa and 600°C with cold seal pressure vessels gave the following results. (i) In short duration (45–71 h) runs metastable layer sequences involving wollastonite and talc occur in the reaction zone, whereas they disappear in longer duration (168–336 h) runs. (ii) The layer sequence of the reaction zones in short duration runs differs from place to place on the dolomite crystal even in the same run. (iii) The diversity of layer sequences in the short duration runs merges into a unique layer sequence in the longer duration runs. (iv) The reaction zone develops locally on the dolomite crystal, but no reaction zone was observed on the quartz crystal in any of the runs. The lines of evidence (i)–(iii) show that the system evolves from an initial transient‐ to a steady‐state and that the kinetic effect is important in the development of reaction zones. A steady diffusion model for the unique layer sequence Qtz/Di/Fo + Cal/Dol + Cal/Dol shows that the Dol + Cal layer cannot be formed by diffusion‐controlled process and that the stability of the layer sequence Qtz/Di/Fo + Cal/Dol depends not only on L‐ratios (a = /L_CaOCaO and b = /L_MgOMgO) but also on the relative rate P = (−2ξ₁ − ξ₂)/(–ξ₁ − 2ξ₂) of competing reactions: Dol + 2Qtz = Di + 2CO₂ (ξ₁) and 2Dol + Qtz = Fo + 2Cal + 2CO₂ (ξ₂). For smaller P the stability field will shift to higher values of a and b. The steady diffusion model also shows that the apparent‐non‐reactivity on the quartz surface can be attributed to void formation in a large volume fraction in the diopside layer.  相似文献   

Fluvial dynamics and 14C-10Be disequilibrium on the Bolivian Altiplano     

Kristina Hippe  Tiemen Gordijn  Vincenzo Picotti  Irka Hajdas  John D. Jansen  Marcus Christl  Christof Vockenhuber  Colin Maden  Naki Akçar  Susan Ivy-Ochs 《地球表面变化过程与地形》2019,44(3):766-780

Determining sediment transfer times is key to understanding source-to-sink dynamics and the transmission of environmental signals through the fluvial system. Previous work on the Bolivian Altiplano applied the in situ cosmogenic ¹⁴C-¹⁰Be-chronometer to river sands and proposed sediment storage times of ~10–20 kyr in four catchments southeast of Lake Titicaca. However, the fidelity of those results hinges upon isotopic steady-state within sediment supplied from the source area. With the aim of independently quantifying sediment storage times and testing the ¹⁴C-¹⁰Be steady-state assumption, we dated sediment storage units within one of the previously investigated catchments using radiocarbon dating, cosmogenic ¹⁰Be-²⁶Al isochron burial dating, and ¹⁰Be-²⁶Al depth-profile dating. Palaeosurfaces appear to preserve remnants of a former fluvial system, which has undergone drainage reversal, reduction in catchment area, and local isostatic uplift since ~2.8 Ma. From alluvium mantling the palaeosurfaces we gained a deposition age of ~580 ka, while lower down fluvial terraces yielded ≤34 ka, and floodplains ~3–1 ka. Owing to restricted channel connectivity with the terraces and palaeosurfaces, the main source of channel sediment is via reworking of the late Holocene floodplain. Yet modelling a set of feasible scenarios reveals that floodplain storage and burial depth are incompatible with the ¹⁴C-¹⁰Be disequilibrium measured in the channel. Instead we propose that the ¹⁴C-¹⁰Be offset results from: (i) non-uniform erosion whereby deep gullies supply hillslope-derived debris; and/or (ii) holocene landscape transience associated with climate or human impact. The reliability of the ¹⁴C-¹⁰Be chronometer vitally depends upon careful evaluation of sources of isotopic disequilibrium in a wide range of depositional and erosional landforms in the landscape. © 2018 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

超低渗透率测量仪的测试标定及初步测量结果   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2       下载免费PDF全文

吴曼  杨晓松  陈建业 《地震地质》2011,33(3):719-735

低渗-超低渗透率测量是流体渗流力学和岩石物理学研究领域的热点问题.断层带流体输运的定量化研究对于了解断层的力学性质和预测地下流体的流动具有重要意义.文中介绍了新研制的超低渗透率测量系统和工作原理.这套设备使用稳态法和目前逐渐流行的孔隙压力振荡法进行测量,其孔隙流体为蒸馏水和氮气,最高围压可达200M Pa,孔隙压上限为...  相似文献   

Economic development and prosperity patterns around the world: Structural challenges for a global steady-state economy     

《Global Environmental Change》2016

Taking a global perspective this paper sets out to theoretically and empirically identify prosperity patterns for four groups of countries at different levels of economic development. It conceptualizes ‘prosperity’ in terms of ecological sustainability, social inclusion, and the quality of life and contextualizes this definition in global perspective. Subsequently, it operationalizes and measures these dimensions on the basis of data from sources such as the World Bank, the Global Footprint Network and the OECD for 138 countries and by applying dual multiple factor analysis. Building on earlier research that suggested that higher development levels in terms of GDP per capita are capable of providing social and individual prosperity but at the expense of environmental sustainability, we ask whether other interrelations between prosperity indicators exist on other levels of economic development. Empirically distinguishing between ‘rich’, ‘emerging’, ‘developing’ and ‘poor countries’ the paper finds that social and individual prosperity indicators largely increase with economic development while ecological sustainability indicators worsen. Our analyses further reveal that ‘social cohesion’ can be established under different economic and institutional conditions, that subjective wellbeing increases with income rises at all levels of economic development and that a decoupling of carbon emissions from the provision of prosperity is, in principle, achievable, while a reduction of the global matter and energy throughput poses a much greater challenge. The paper concludes by highlighting the repercussions of these findings for the trajectories that countries at different levels of economic development would need to undertake.  相似文献   

地热—Ⅱ型稳定分棒式热导仪——岩石热导率精密测量装置     

沈显杰  张文仁  陆秀文  杨淑贞 《岩石学报》1987,3(1)

地热-Ⅱ型岩石热导仪是在地热-Ⅰ型基础上,参考美、法同类装置的性能特长,改型设计研制而成的。采用了国际地热界通用的一维稳态分棒原理和结构,并成功地应用了计算机程控测量。仪器为平行双架式,可同步运行。该测试系统尚配备微型探针,程序兼容,仪表共用。因此,除坚硬致密岩样外,尚可用于测量孔隙含水或饱水岩样、松散沉积物或钻孔岩屑。仪器性能稳定,操作方便,自动打印结果。测量复率±2—3％,绝对精度优于±5％。  相似文献   

Assessment of three numerical solution strategies for gravity field recovery from GOCE satellite gravity gradiometry implemented on a parallel platform   总被引：5，自引：2，他引：5  

R. Pail  G. Plank 《Journal of Geodesy》2002,76(8):462-474

 The recovery of a full set of gravity field parameters from satellite gravity gradiometry (SGG) is a huge numerical and computational task. In practice, parallel computing has to be applied to estimate the more than 90 000 harmonic coefficients parameterizing the Earth's gravity field up to a maximum spherical harmonic degree of 300. Three independent solution strategies (preconditioned conjugate gradient method, semi-analytic approach, and distributed non-approximative adjustment), which are based on different concepts, are assessed and compared both theoretically and on the basis of a realistic-as-possible numerical simulation regarding the accuracy of the results, as well as the computational effort. Special concern is given to the correct treatment of the coloured noise characteristics of the gradiometer. The numerical simulations show that the three methods deliver nearly identical results—even in the case of large data gaps in the observation time series. The newly proposed distributed non-approximative adjustment approach, which is the only one of the three methods that solves the inverse problem in a strict sense, also turns out to be a feasible method for practical applications. Received: 17 December 2001 / Accepted: 17 July 2002 Acknowledgments. We would like to thank Prof. W.-D. Schuh, Institute of Theoretical Geodesy, University of Bonn, for providing us with the serial version of the PCGMA algorithm, which forms the basis for the parallel PCGMA package developed at our institute. This study was partially performed in the course of the GOCE project `From E?tv?s to mGal+', funded by the European Space Agency (ESA) under contract No. 14287/00/NL/DC. Correspondence to: R. Pail  相似文献   

The calculation of hydrocarbon-generating temperature——Theory and practice     

《中国地球化学学报》2008,(2)

How to quantitatively evaluate the maturity of crude oils is still an open question. Mango discovered a remarkable compositional invariance of four isoheptane ratios in crude oils, and proposed a steady-state catalytic model for the origin of light hydrocarbons. According to this model, 2,4/2,3 dimethylpentane ratio is a pure temperature parameter. Bement, Mango et al. established the functional equation between the two parameters-light hydrocarbon temperature and burial temperature and applied it to the calculation of hydrocarbon-generating temperature, which provided a new choice for the study of oil maturity. In this paper, the Mango's parameters for hydrocarbons from the Tazhong area were calculated, the average K1 value is 1.06, which is in good consistency with the Mango's proposal that the K1 value is relatively stable. Calculated with the functional formula of hydrocarbon-generating temperature, the hydrocarbon-generating temperatures are with the range of 120-129℃, and the converted vitrinite reflectance (Ro) varies from 0.88% to 0.90%. This is well consistent with the maturity characteristics of neohopanes. The results have verified the reliability of this method.  相似文献   

NO<Subscript>3</Subscript> Vertical Profile Measurements from Remote Sensing Balloon-Borne Spectrometers and Comparison with Model Calculations     

Jean-Baptiste?RenardEmail author  Martyn?P.?Chipperfield  Gwena?l?Berthet  Fabienne?Goffinont-Taupin  Claude?Robert  Michel?Chartier  Howard?Roscoe  Wuhu?Feng  Emmanuel?Rivière  Michel?Pirre 《Journal of Atmospheric Chemistry》2005,51(1):65-78

Eleven vertical profiles of stratospheric NO₃ have been obtained since 1992 using the AMON and SALOMON balloon-borne UV-visible spectrometers. The measurements are compared to the SLIMCAT 3D model and calculations based on the steady-state hypothesis for NO₃. The calculations cannot reproduce some parts of the profiles which exhibit strong concentration fluctuations over few kilometres, as a consequence of the dependence of NO₃ on local temperature variations. A statistical use of the data allows us to estimate the influence of the temperature dependence of the absorption cross-section on the data analysis, and the validity of the recommended reaction rates available in the literature. Discrepancies exist between the model based on recommended kinetics and observations at warmer temperatures. Nevertheless, the analysis is biased by local temperature inhomogeneities, and only a low-resolution vertical shape of the NO₃ profiles can be retrieved.  相似文献