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1.
The formation and subsequent reactions of magnesiancalcite overgrowths on calcite were investigated bymeans of closed system seeded precipitationexperiments. These experiments demonstrated that(1) thin overgrowths of magnesian calcite are precipitatedon calcite seeds suspended in seawater;(2) the solubilities of the coatings increase outward from theseed crystals as a linear function of the log ofrelative coating thickness;(3) during the period ofthese experiments (up to 5.5 months), the magnesiancalcite coatings continued to increase in thickness,but became less soluble in composition. Thestabilization reaction, referred to asrecrystallization, can be described by the followingequation:Cax Mg(1-x) CO3 + [z + y(x + z)]Ca2++ 2yHCO3- ]= (1 + y)Ca(x + z)Mg(1 - x -z)CO3 + [z + y(x + z - 1)]Mg2++ y CO2 + yH20;]4) recrystallization rate is dependent on solutionsaturation state, with a reaction order of 3.2 forartificial seawater and 4.0 for natural seawater; and(5) by the cessation of the closed system experiments,overgrowth compositions approached that of the stablecalcite (a few mol % MgCO3).Armoring of suspended carbonate particles in thesurface oceans with magnesian calcite overgrowthswould provide an effective barrier to release of theoceanic supersaturation with respect to calcite. Thicknesses of such coatings would be limited by therecrystallization rate of the magnesian calcite. Estimates based on the recrystallization ratesdetermined in this work indicate coatings on the orderof 0.02 µm in thickness could form on particles asthey sink through the mixed layer. According to thesecalculations, the total amount of carbon precipitatedannually in magnesian calcite overgrowths iscomparable to the riverine flux of dissolved carbon tothe oceans. Field observations of severalinvestigators indicate the likely presence ofmagnesian calcite coatings on planktonic particles,and provide evidence for possible recrystallization ofbiogenic magnesian particles in the marineenvironment. 相似文献
2.
D.M.CHATE R.T.WAGHMARE C.K.JENA V.GOPALAKRISHNAN P.MURUGAVEL Sachin D.GHUDE Rachana KULKARNI P.C.S.DEVARA 《大气科学进展》2018,35(2):218-223
The first measurements of cloud condensation nuclei(CCN) at five supersaturations were carried out onboard the research vessel "Sagar Kanya"(cruise SK-296) from the south to the head-bay of the Bay of Bengal as part of the Continental Tropical Convergence Zone(CTCZ) Project during the Indian summer monsoon of 2012. In this paper, we assess the diurnal variation in CCN distributions at supersaturations from 0.2% to 1%(in steps of 0.2%) and the power-law fit at supersaturation of 1%.The diurnal pattern shows peaks in CCN concentration(NCCN) at supersaturations from 0.2% to 1% between 0600 and 0700 LST(local standard time, UTC+0530), with relatively low concentrations between 1200 and 1400 LST, followed by a peak at around 1800 LST. The power-law fit for the CCN distribution at different supersaturation levels relates the empirical exponent(k) of supersaturation(%) and the NCCNat a supersaturation of 1%. The NCCNat a supersaturation of 0.4% is observed to vary from 702 cm~(-3) to 1289 cm~(-3), with a mean of 961 ± 161 cm~(-3)(95% confidence interval), representing the CCN activity of marine air masses. Whereas, the mean NCCNof 1628 ± 193 cm~(-3) at a supersaturation of 1% is higher than anticipated for the marine background. When the number of CCN spectra is 1293, the value of k is 0.57 ± 0.03(99% confidence interval)and its probability distribution shows cumulative counts significant at k ≈ 0.55 ± 0.25. The results are found to be better at representing the features of the marine environment(103 cm~(-3) and k ≈ 0.5) and useful for validating CCN closure studies for Indian sea regions. 相似文献
3.
Major gases dissolved in seawater were accurately determined with a shipboard gas chromatographic method. The standard deviations
were 0.28, 0.34 and 0.36% for N2, O2 and Ar, respectively. The method was applied to water from the northwestern North Pacific Ocean collected in May to June
2000. We got 127 duplicate seawater samples from the surface 200 m layer at 11 stations. The O2 concentrations obtained by this method agreed with those given by the Winkler method. All the seawater samples from the surface
200 m, especially those from the upper 30 m, were supersaturated with respect to atmospheric N2 and Ar concentrations. In the topmost 30 m layer, the degrees of supersaturation in the inventory were 2.7–4.3% for N2 (ΔN2) and 1.7–2.6% for Ar (ΔAr), and their ratios, ΔN2/ΔAr, ranged from 1.53 to 1.81. This supersaturation seems to be chiefly due to air bubbles injected into the water and dissolved
due to the water pressure, because the N2/Ar ratio of the air is around 2. The amounts of air bubbles dissolved in the upper 30 m water were relatively large, with
mean value of 0.41 ml/kg or 18.4 μmol/kg. The ΔN2, ΔAr and ΔN2/ΔAr values were all positively well correlated with the wind velocities averaged for the last 24 hours prior to sampling,
allowing the conclusion to be drawn that the weaker the wind velocity, the dissolved gas composition approaches in equilibrium
with the air; while the stronger the wind velocity, it approaches in the air composition.
This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
4.
Jiří Faimon 《Aquatic Geochemistry》2003,9(4):305-341
The role of aluminum and silica in the formation of colloids during granodiorite weathering was studied on the basis of long-term experiments in batch reactors. Rock samples were dissolved in un-buffered solutions of initial pH 3.2, 5.4, and 9.9 at ambient conditions for 500 days. During weathering, extremely high supersaturation with respect to various secondary solids was attained in the solutions. Consequently, new solids, part of which was conserved in solutions as colloids, condensed. The mean concentrations of colloidal Si reached values of 70, 50, and 48 mol 1–1 in the alkaline, neutral, and acid solutions, respectively. The mean concentrations of colloidal Al, reached values of 34, 22, and 12 mol 1–1 in the alkaline, neutral, and acid solutions, respectively. The concentration of colloids gradually decreased after 200-400 days of experiment. This phenomenon was interpreted as being due to the competition between homogeneous nucleation and crystal growth. At the initial stages of the experiments, the colloidal species (predominantly colloidal Al) comprised a large proportion of the total amounts of aqueous species. Their share, however, decreased with time. The molar Al/Si-ratios of colloids were as high as 2–2.5 at the early stages of the experiment. After 250–300 days of experiments, on the other hand, these ratios decreased to values of about 0.5 in both the neutral and alkaline solutions and to a value of 0.15 in the acid solution. The evolution of colloids was consistent with the evolution of secondary solids in the sequence Al-hydroxides – clay minerals (illite, chlorite), in both the neutral and alkaline solutions. In acid solutions, the evolution of Al/Si-colloids was influenced by the presence of sulfate ion and Al-sulfate precipitation. Besides Al and Si, other elements, in particular Ca or Mg as a major component and Na, K, P, S, and Cl as minor components, readily participated in the formation of colloids. 相似文献
5.
再论都市霾与雾的区别 总被引：71，自引：4，他引：71
都市霾的出现有重要的空气质量指示意义，而雾或轻雾与特定的天气系统相联系。由于经济规模的迅速扩大和城市化进程的加快，都市霾现象或灰霾天气日趋严重，霾与雾的区分成为一个非常现实，又迫切需要解决的问题。东南沿海各省用相对湿度区分的标准普遍偏低，将大量霾记成了轻雾或雾。实际上近地层大气中每时每刻总是有霾存在的，而雾滴的存在是少见或罕见的；霾滴要想通过吸湿增长成为雾滴，必须有足够的过饱和度，能够越过过饱和驼峰才行，这在自然界并不容易。在非饱和条件下，不但非水溶性的霾不能转化成雾滴，即便是水溶性的霾粒子一般也不可能吸湿转化为雾滴。实测资料表明，出现雾时，极端最小相对湿度是91％，在相对湿度低于90％的情况下，没有观测到雾。降温是达到饱和形成雾滴的最主要、最重要的物理过程，在自然界中的霾滴通过吸湿过程增长成雾滴几乎不可能。历史上我国各级气象部门从来不存在以相对湿度70％界定轻雾与霾的补充规定。区分霾和雾，应该根据影响天气系统的变化，结合宏观特征的各种判据来确定。建议将相对湿度的阈值定为90％，作为区分轻雾与霾的辅助判据是合理的。 相似文献
6.
Carbon dioxide (CO2) and methane (CH4) concentrations and evasion rates were measured in surface waters draining Mer Bleue peatland (Ontario, Canada) between spring and autumn 2005. All sites exhibit a consistent pattern of supersaturation throughout the year, which is broadly related to hydrological and temperature changes between spring snowmelt and autumn freezing. Both measurements and estimates of CO2 and CH4 evasion from open water to the atmosphere suggest that parts of the catchment (including beaver dams) are significant degassing hot spots. We present data showing how vertical gaseous carbon fluxes compare with lateral carbon fluxes and make an initial estimate of the importance to the overall carbon budget of CO2 and CH4 evasion to the atmosphere from water surfaces at Mer Bleue. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
7.
再论相对湿度对区别都市霾与雾(轻雾)的意义 总被引：35，自引：16，他引：19
在都市,霾的出现有重要的空气质量指示意义。而雾或轻雾的记录,有明确的天气指示意义,与特定的天气系统相联系。由于经济规模的迅速扩大和城市化进程的加快,都市霾现象或者是灰霾天气日趋严重,霾与雾的区分成为一个非常现实,又迫切需要解决的问题。在全国气象系统的台站观测中,区分霾与雾(轻雾)的判据比较混乱,缺乏可比性,东南沿海各省不成文规定的用相对湿度区分的标准普遍偏低,将大量霾记成了轻雾或雾。实际上近地层大气中每时每刻总是有霾存在的,而雾滴的存在是少见或罕见的;霾滴要想通过吸湿增长成为雾滴,必须有足够的过饱和度,能够越过过饱和驼峰才行,这在自然界并不容易。在非饱和条件下,不但非水溶性的霾不能转化成雾滴,既便是水溶性的霾粒子一般也不可能吸湿转化为雾滴。实测资料表明出现雾时,极端最小相对湿度是91%,在相对湿度低于90%的情况下,没有观测到雾。降温是达到饱和形成雾滴的最主要、最重要的物理过程,在自然界中的霾滴通过吸湿过程增长成雾滴几乎不可能。历史上我国各级气象部门从来不存在以相对湿度70%界定轻雾与霾的补充规定,由于理解的问题,将大量霾记成了轻雾。区分霾和雾,应该根据影响天气系统的变化,结合宏观特征的各种判据来确定。建议将相对湿度的阈值定为90%,作为区分轻雾(雾)与霾的辅助判据是合理的。 相似文献
8.
Shoji D. Thottathil K.K. Balachandran G.V.M. Gupta N.V. Madhu Shanta Nair 《Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science》2008
Bacterial productivity (BP) and respiration (BR) were examined in relation to primary productivity (PP) for the first time in a shallow tropical ecosystem (Cochin Estuary), India. The degree of dependence of BP (6.3–199.7 μg C L−1 d−1) and BR (6.6–430.4 μg C L−1 d−1) on PP (2.1–608.0 μg C L−1 d−1) was found to be extremely weak. The BP/PP (0.05–8.5) and PP/BR (0.02–7.9) ratios widely varied in the estuary depending on the season and location. There was a seasonal shift in net pelagic production from autotrophy to heterotrophy due to terrestrial organic matter input through rivers which enhanced the bacterial heterotrophic activity and very high pCO2 (106–6001 μatm) levels. The heterotrophic zones were characterized by low PP but high bacterial production and respiration leading to oxygen undersaturation and exceptionally high pCO2. We propose that the CO2 supersaturation caused by increased bacterial respiration (in excess of PP) was a result of bacterial degradation of allochthonous organic matter. This indicates that sources other than planktonic compartment need to be explored to understand the C-cycling in this estuary. These results are of particular relevance to tropical ecosystems in general, where the bulk of world's river discharges occur. 相似文献
9.
利用吉林省业务运行的中尺度数值模式WRF3.3.1,分析了2016年4月12日吉林省一次春季降水过程的人工增雨潜力,选取比湿、上升气流、K指数、冰面过饱和度、云水厚度共5种与人工增雨潜力密切相关的指标,作为吉林省春季人工增雨潜力判别的因子。结果表明：吉林省春季850 hPa比湿和K指数与降水量存在相关关系,比湿小于2.9 g·kg-1几乎不产生降水,产生2 mm以上的降水比湿几乎均大于4.5 g·kg-1,K指数大于22℃。将850 hPa比湿大于4.5 g·kg-1、K指数大于22℃、积分云水含量大于0.2 mm、高层冰面过饱和度大于0和低层垂直速度大于0.4 m·s-1作为强增雨潜力区的指标,并利用春季其他个例对该指标进行检验,发现该指标基本能够表征云内的动力、热力和微物理条件,可以作为人工增雨潜力区的判别指标。 相似文献
10.
Ichiro Sunagawa 《Aquatic Sciences - Research Across Boundaries》1993,55(4):347-357
In-situ observation methods to investigate the physics involved in growth and dissolution processes of crystals in aqueous solution at ordinary temperature and pressure are described. The methods visualize insitu the phenomena relating to clustering of nanometer sized embryonic particles, the mass transport from bulk solution and from a crystal, the concentration gradient in the diffusion boundary layer and its distribution around a crystal, and spiral growth steps with height of one nanometer. The techniques measure at the nanometer scale the growth and dissolution rates of individual spiral growth hillocks and etch pits whose dislocation characters are identified in-situ. 相似文献