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1.
试论新世纪地理信息科学的发展 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
本文重点分析了当前国内外地理信息科学的形成与发展趋势和地理信息科学不断发展的历程 ,提出近期发展的前沿 ,以及当前地理信息产业化面临的一些重要问题。最后提出对地理信息科学发展的意见。 相似文献
2.
心象地图在制图传输中的作用 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
制图传输是制图学的重要研究领域。本文从认知制图的角度,探讨了心象地图在制图传输中的作用;着重分析了心象地图和地图之间的内在联系,指出了人的认知制图能力的客观存在是制图传输得以进行的真正原因;在此基础上,提出了制图传输的扩展模式,增加了从读图者到次读图者之间的传输过程,并从内容和形式等方面分析了它的特殊性,以期完善制图传输模式。 相似文献
3.
The potential impacts of progressing climate change are alarming. Some adverse consequences are now unavoidable and adaptation measures are increasingly needful. This poses enormous challenges for emerging megacities in the Global South, which barely manage in current weather conditions. This paper introduces Fuzzy Cognitive Mapping as a new tool for structured, semi-quantitative assessments of climate change impacts and adaptation measures.Fuzzy Cognitive Mapping is used to evaluate differences in sensitivities to heatwaves and rainstorms across socio-economic groups and for the ranking of useful adaptation options, based on 188 individual interviews to the impacts of extreme weather events in Hyderabad, India. The results of this multi-stakeholder assessment indicate that rainstorms affect low-income residents more than heatwaves, while the opposite is true for medium-income respondents. The latter are also less seriously affected by extreme weather in general. Profession, though, not income determines the kind of impact that people feel most affected by. Individual characteristics like age and gender do not significantly explain differences in the data, but religion does. This is because, in Hyderabad, Muslims live in the older, less serviced and more affected parts of the city. However, semi-quantitative scenario analyses suggest that, under future climate change, many parts of the city will become increasingly exposed to the effects of extreme weather. Planned investments in urban infrastructure will be seriously challenged by climate change and preventive adaptation measures are urgently needed to at least maintain the current level of quality of life. Investments in the health infrastructure appear to be most effective in reducing the impact of heatwaves and investments in the traffic infrastructure most effective in reducing the impact of rainstorms. However, looking at heat and rain events together—which is realistic as they are both projected to increase and often occur in the same year—reveals that investments in water infrastructure and management have greatest potential to reduce impacts across all localities and on all social groups, particularly the lower-income classes. This is because first-order impacts caused by inadequate water infrastructure often give rise to second- or third-order impacts. Addressing the root cause is the most effective way to break cause-and-effect chains and prevent proliferation of negative consequences. Similar studies are suggested in other cities in order to support adaptation mainstreaming in complex urban environments. Fuzzy Cognitive Mapping proved a useful, semi-quantitative tool for climate change impact and adaptation assessments. 相似文献
4.
中国数量众多的租界本质是殖民统治时期的空间遗存,但随着时间的推移,一些历史背景已经被遗忘。以广州沙面为例,利用情感量表问卷对具备不同历史知识的340个样本进行认知与情感体验评价,探索历史背景认知对旅游者情感体验的作用与情感体验差异的产生原因。研究发现：1）愉悦、目标一致性与新奇/确定决定积极情感,自我投入决定消极情感;2）接受沙面历史背景介绍的旅游者情感体验更消极,认知评价具有显著差异。殖民历史背景认知通过降低旅游者的愉悦、目标一致性,减弱积极情感欢乐、喜爱,提升自我投入从而增强消极情感气愤、悲伤、畏惧;3）殖民历史认知是否导致情感体验趋于消极由个体的评价所决定。历史背景知识为旅游者带来深入旅游体验的同时不会影响旅游追求愉悦的本质,这为殖民遗产旅游的展示与管理带来新的启示。 相似文献
5.
目的 评价甲强龙联合右美托咪定对体外循环（CPB）心脏瓣膜置换术患者脑认知功能的保护作用。方法 选择内蒙古医科大学附属医院CPB下行心脏瓣膜置换术患者60例,完全随机化分为4组（n=15）,分别为对照组（A组）、甲强龙组（M组）、右美托咪定组（D组）和甲强龙联合右美托咪定组（B组）,在麻醉诱导后气管插管,机械通气。M组在体外循环预冲液加入甲强龙20mg/kg,D组麻醉在诱导后静脉泵注右美托咪定1μg/kg负荷量,之后以0.05μg/（kg·h）速率静脉泵注至术毕,B组既麻醉诱导后静脉注射右美托咪定1μg/kg负荷量,然后以0.05μg/（kg·h）速率静脉输注至术毕又在体外循环预冲液加入甲强龙20mg/kg,A组给于等容量生理盐水。在麻醉后手术前（T1）、CPB即刻（T2）、CPB30min（T3）、CPB结束10min（T4）、术毕（T5）、CPB结束后6h（T6）时采集颈内静脉球部血样,使用酶联免疫吸附实验（ELISA）法测定血清IL-6、IL-10、S100β蛋白和神经元特异性烯醇化酶（NSE）的浓度。记录术前1天术后2天、3天、7天采用简化智能评分量表（MMSE）评估患者认知功能。结果 M组、D组和B组在T1~6各个时间点IL-6、S100β蛋白和NSE均比对照组明显降低,IL-10均比对照组升高,差异有统计学差异（P<0.05）。B组在T1~6各个时间点IL-6、S100β蛋白和NSE均比其他组更低,IL-10均比其他组更高,差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）。M组、D组和B组术后发生认知功能障碍的发生率均高于对照组,B组发生认知功能障碍的发生率最低,差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）。结论 甲强龙和右美托嘧啶均可以有效降低体外循环中IL-6、S100β蛋白和NSE的浓度,降低脑损伤,减少术后认知功能障碍的发生率,联合应用甲强龙和右美托嘧啶对体外循环后脑损伤的保护效果更佳。 相似文献
6.
Increasing wildfire severity highlights the need for large-scale shifts in management of fire-prone landscapes. While prior research has focused on cognitive biases, social norms, and institutional disincentives that limit reform, such factors are best understood as components of feedback loops that operate within complex adaptive systems. We evaluated the prominence and function of feedback loops embedded in cognitive maps—beliefs about patterns of causal relationships that drive system dynamics—elicited from a diverse cross-section of stakeholders in a fire-prone region in the U.S. West. We demonstrate that cognition of feedback loops is rare among individuals, but increasingly prominent within aggregations of cognitive maps, which underscores the importance of collaborative decision-making. Our analysis further reveals a bias toward perception of amplifying feedback loops and of loops in which management actions result in desirable outcomes, which points to areas where progress may be made in reforming wildfire risk governance. 相似文献
7.
In dryland rangelands with their high environmental variability, local ecological knowledge of forage plants is essential for management decisions. Ecological apparency hypothesis (EAH) predicts plants' availability and visibility to be important criteria for local valuation. However, EAH has mainly been tested in low-variability systems. We ask whether EAH is valid for forage plants in drylands; which other local criteria exist; and how criteria are connected to management decisions.In a Moroccan pastoral system, we applied a novel ethnobotanical method by calculating the Cognitive Salience Index (CSI) for plants' valuation (CSIantro) and availability (CSIeco). To evaluate explicit criteria, we correlated palatability and nutritive value to CSIanthro. ANCOVAs related CSIanthro to EAH criteria (CSIeco and lifetime) and to plant occurrence on pasture types. We found EAH criteria to better predict CSIantro than explicit criteria. Apparent plants from semi-arid pastures were more valued than those from arid pastures (HSD; p < 0.05). We introduce the criterion of reliability into EAH to explain this, and demonstrate how pastoralists adjust management decisions to resource reliability. Linking resource valuation to management decisions can thus improve our understanding of resilience mechanisms. Our study also confirms the validity of EAH for forage species and dryland environments. 相似文献
8.
Perception of flood risk in Danube Delta,Romania 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
For exposed and vulnerable communities, the perception of natural risk is an essential link in the analysis of man–environment
coping relationship and also an important parameter in the quantification of complex vulnerability as a central predictive
variable in the risk equation. The topic of flood risk in related perception is of considerable interest, as some recently
published papers have proven (Messner and Meyer 2005, 2006; Raaijmakers et al. 2008). The aim of the current study is to reveal the conscious and unconscious attitudes towards the flood risk for the inhabitants
of the Danube Delta/Romania. These attitudes, defined by different degrees of psychological vulnerability, represent the background
for a series of psycho-behavioural patterns that generate certain adjustment mechanisms and strategies. Application of a specially
designed questionnaire and the statistical analysis of the results revealed two psychological factors as essential in establishing
the psychosocial vulnerability degree of the interviewed subjects: (i) an internal control factor and (ii) an external control
factor. The persons characterized by inner control have a significantly reduced general anxiety level in comparison to individuals
with the control factor placed externally. As confidence diminishes, it increases the tendency of the individual to rely on
the external factors for support and security. The lack of resources (indicating lower resilience) and mistrust in the support
given emphasizes non-adaptive behaviours.
相似文献
| Iuliana ArmaşEmail: |
9.
电子地图的空间认知研究 总被引：12，自引：0，他引：12
电子地图的空间认知研究是地图空间认知理论的重要研究内容。本文首先介绍了电子地图的概念与特点,分析了电子地图空间认知研究的必要性。在此基础上,探讨了电子地图空间认知研究的特点及主要内容。认为电子地图的空间认知研究具有内容更广泛、形式更复杂、实验难度更大等特点,电子地图空间认知的核心内容是从不同的电子地图上建立心象地图的过程及不同空间认知能力的用户在使用电子地图时的思维过程、认知策略的研究。 相似文献
10.
Giorgio Rivalenti Maurizio Mazzucchelli Vicente Antonio Vitorio Girardi Giancarlo Cavazzini Cristina Finatti Maria Adelaide Barbieri Wilson Teixeira 《Lithos》1998,43(4):235-265
Paleoproterozoic basaltic, andesitic and rhyolitic dykes crosscut the Archaean Carajás basement. Basalts are distinguished into a high and a low TiO2 group (HTi and LTi), each group consisting of geochemically distinct NE- and NW-trending swarms. The HTi dykes are evolved transitional basalts having essentially EMORB-type geochemistry. The LTi basalts are tholeiites (NE-trending swarm) and high-Al basalts (NW-trending swarm) displaying incompatible trace elements patterns with variably negative Nb anomaly, enrichment in Rb, Ba, K (LILE) and La, Ce and Nd (LREE) and positive Sr anomaly. With respect to orogenic analogues, andesites have lower Al2O3, CaO and Ni, higher FeO, LILE, LREE, Nb, Zr and Ti and negative Sr anomaly. Rhyolites have geochemical characteristics comparable with those of A-type granites. At 1.8 Ga,
ranges from 0.700 to 0.705 in the HTi basalts and from 0.700 to 0.704 in the LTi group. Andesites define an isochron of 1874±110 Ma (Sro=0.7038±0.0010). Rhyolites from Southern and Northern Carajás define two isochrons of 1802±130 Ma (Sro=0.7062±0.0046) and 1535±82 Ga (Sro=0.7625) respectively, the younger date being interpreted as resetting of the Rb–Sr isotopic system. We propose a petrogenetic model relating LTi basalts with melting of lithospheric mantle metasomatized by acid melts derived from incipient melting of eclogites, representing in turn the subsolidus product of basaltic batches trapped in the mantle. The HTi basalts are explained by melting of the lithospheric mantle containing the complementary residual eclogite. Andesite petrogenesis is consistent with crystal fractionation from a high-Mg andesite parent derived from a mantle source more extensively metasomatized by eclogite-derived melts. Rhyolite composition is consistent with low melting degree of the basement rocks. The basalt–andesite–rhyolite dykes may represent the effects of crustal extension and arching in Carajás, which produced the anorogenic acid to intermediate magmatism (Uatumã group) and affecting a large part of the Amazon craton between 1.85 and 1.7 Ga. 相似文献