Reduction of sand demand for shore protection     

Arved J. Raudkivi  Hans-H. Dette   《Coastal Engineering》2002,45(3-4)

Beach nourishment is an environmentally preferred method of shore protection, but the annual sand requirement may lead to substantial maintenance costs. The shoreline processes, involving the surf zone, beach and dune, are reviewed with the aim of reducing the annual sand requirement of eroding shorelines. It is shown that surf zones with equilibrium profiles, on which the wave energy conversion is evenly distributed across the surf zone, from experience for given conditions indicate least loss of sand. On steep, eroding shorelines it may be difficult to establish an equilibrium profile. For such cases, the use of perched surf zones is recommended, which are supported at the seaward limit by an underwater sill. For reduction of littoral transport, the use of pervious pile groynes is recommended. These are arguably more efficient than impervious groynes. The sand loss from a usually dry beach by raised water levels is shown to be a function of the beach slope and is least when the storm waves at raised water levels do not cut an erosion escarpment. The loss of sand from a dune by infrequent severe storm tides can be prevented with the aid of a built-in membrane. These sand losses are usually large and constitute an uneconomic use of this sand resource. The proposed concepts and measures are linked to existing knowledge, augmented by data from the large wave flume (LWF) in Germany and field data from the North and Baltic Sea coasts.  相似文献   

粒度分析在塔克拉玛干沙漠研究中的应用   总被引：18，自引：6，他引：18  

吉启慧 《中国沙漠》1996,16(2):173-179

本文重点探讨了塔克拉玛干沙漠的风成沙粒度组成特征及其与物源的关系，同时对沙丘的下伏地层沙、现代河流沙及丘间地沙的粒度组成也进行了对比。通过对该沙漠第四纪沉积物的粒度分析，证实了风成沙的粒度分布以极细沙为主，不含粗沙，粉沙含量极小；粒度组合、分选主要受营力和源区物质制约，结果使粒度空间分布形成格局。总之，通过粒度分析得到一系列量化指征，可为研究风沙流运动，探讨沉积环境和改造沙漠、发展沙产业提供理论依据。  相似文献   

沙漠沙丘污水处理系统:原理、方法和效果   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

陈明  刘晓端  陈鸿汉  曹晓娟 《地学前缘》2005,12(Z1):67-72

“沙漠沙丘系统(DDS)”是以地球化学工程学原理为指导的特殊水处理系统,它利用沙漠沙作为滤料,通过“机械过滤”、“化学作用”和“生物作用”净化污染水,一方面可使沙丘变得湿润而不再移动,以固定移动沙漠;另一方面又能净化污染水,最终起到“以害克害、固沙治水、一举多得”的良好综合生态环境效应。DDS是绿色的水处理系统,所需的原料和生成物都属于自然界存在的物质,无二次污染的发生。在DDS设计中,要注意的主要因素应包括:滤料的种类、湿干时间比、微生物培养方式、滤料层厚度、进水水质、时间、温度和pH等。DDS可以把官厅水库水由V类和超V类处理成2~3类水,从而恢复官厅水库的饮用水功能。  相似文献   

Niveo-aeolian deposits and denivation forms,with special reference to the great Kobuk Sand Dunes,Northwestern Alaska     

Eduard A. Koster  Jos W. A. Dijkmans 《地球表面变化过程与地形》1988,13(2):153-170

The geomorphology, lithology and chronostratigraphy of extensive, late Pleistocene inland and river dune sands, aeolian sand sheets (‘cover sands’) and loess deposits of periglacial origin in northwestern Europe are well known. However, the idea that some of these aeolian sediments result from niveo-aeolian processes is still an open question, as no diagnostic sedimentary features have yet been reported. Moreover, actual niveo-aeolian sediments and related denivation forms, reported from various cold-climate regions, are not suitable analogues. Recent observations in active dune fields in northwestern Alaska indicate that interstratification of wind-driven snow and sand preferentially occurs on slip faces of transverse, barchanoid or parabolic dune ridges. Annual denivation forms develop: e.g. snow ramparts, sinkholes, snow hummocks, snow meltwater fans and tensional cracks. The surface consists of a cracked wet sand layer with a dimpled surface and spongy structure. Although the preservation potential of these features is low in this specific case, similar features may be observed in ancient sediments elsewhere and provide useful palaeoclimatic indicators. The niveo-aeolian concept should therefore not specifically be related to late Pleistocene cover sand deposition in northwestern Europe, as previously assumed.  相似文献   

A simulation model of blowout development     

P. D. Jungerius 《地球表面变化过程与地形》1984,9(6):509-512

Blowouts are the main feature of wind erosion in the dunes along the Dutch coast. A number of characteristics, such as their growth against the prevailing wind and the spontaneous stabilization when certain dimensions are reached, are believed to be caused by a prominent quality of the southwest wind, viz. its gustiness. This hypothesis is tested in a two-dimensional computer model which simulates the effect of wind gusts on a sandy surface along the main axis of the blowout. A number of constraints based on field observations are built into the model. The results closely resemble the longitudinal section of the blowout.  相似文献   

A test of granulometric control of desert dune geometry   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

R. J. Wasson  R. Hyde 《地球表面变化过程与地形》1983,8(4):301-312

I. G. Wilson's hypothesis of coarse-tail grain-size control of dune spacing was derived from three dunefields in the Sahara and, although it was supplemented by measurements of spacing from other parts of the world, the grain-size data come only from North Africa. In this paper the hypothesis is tested in the Australian dunefields. Australian dunes do not form separate categories on a P₂₀/s (twentieth percentile/spacing) plot and, when placed on Wilson's diagram, the Australian data form a continuum between dunes and draas. Ripples maintain their identity, suggesting that the average saltation length of sand controls ripple wavelength while dunes and Wilson's draas are formed by secondary flow of some kind. In Australia the spread of data on the P₂₀/s diagram indicates that grain-size is not the prime control on s. Data from Australia and the Sahara indicate that direct linear relationships between s and h (dune spacing and height means respectively for blocks of dunes) occur but they have different slopes in different areas. These differences possibly reflect variations in vegetation and substrate as well as differences in wind regime. The separation of dunes from draas in the Sahara reflects the greater role of grain-size in an area where coarse grains frequently occur in dune crests. The relative paucity of coarse grains in Australian dune crests may reflect the fine-grained alluvium from which the dunes are derived. These differences may be ascribed to differing topography in Australia and the Sahara.  相似文献   

Barchans of Minqin: Morphometry   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

Zhen-Ting Wang  Shi-Chen Tao  Yao-Wen Xie  Guang-Hui Dong 《Geomorphology》2007,89(3-4):405-411

The barchans on the border of Minqin oasis, China, were surveyed. Our data reconfirmed that the height of slipface is proportional to the width of horns and the baseline can be roughly described by parts of an ellipse and a parabola. We attempted to study dune geomorphology using the theory of differential geometry. The geometrical characteristics of the brink can be quantitatively determined by its curvature and torsion.  相似文献   

Lateral migration,thermoluminescence chronology and colour variation of longitudinal dunes near Birdsville in the Simpson Desert,central Australia     

G. C. Nanson  X. Y. Chen  D. M. Price 《地球表面变化过程与地形》1992,17(8):807-819

The longitudinal dunes of the Simpson Desert, in the vicinity of Birdsville, have been reworked largely during the Holocene from dunes deposited up to 80000 years ago or earlier. The widespread asymmetry of these roughly northward-trending dunes, with steeper eastern faces and more gentle western faces, supports wind-rose data showing sand-transporting winds from the southwest obliquely intersecting the dunes. While this suggests a change in the wind pattern since the dune field was oriented, it does not indicate that the dunes are necessarily shifting leeward (eastward) as a consequence. It is hypothesized that the direction of migration is controlled by the extent to which the dunes are vegetated. Relatively well-vegetated dunes can accrete sand on their gentle stoss slopes and erode on their lee slopes causing them to shift westward and hence obliquely into the wind, a condition that probably prevails in wetter regions and during episodes of relatively humid climate. In contrast, in very dry areas or during arid phases, sand can move unimpeded up a sparsely vegetated stoss face and over the crest to form an avalanche or slip face on the lee side, thereby causing the dunes to shift eastward. Despite evidence that longitudinal dune crests can shift laterally to some extent, the dunes in the western part of the Simpson Desert have not migrated, either westward or eastward, more than 100m or so from their Pleistocene cores. Aeolian transport and partial or complete removal of iron cutans from around quartz grains results in dunes of widely varying colour yet of similar age.  相似文献   

Large-scale dune erosion tests to study the influence of wave periods   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

M.R.A. van Gent  J.S.M. van Thiel de Vries  E.M. Coeveld  J.H. de Vroeg  J. van de Graaff 《Coastal Engineering》2008,55(12):1041-1051

Large-scale physical model tests were performed to quantify the effects of the wave period on dune erosion. Attention was focussed on 2D cross-shore effects in a situation with sandy dunes and extreme water levels and wave conditions. Besides profile measurements, detailed measurements in time and space of water pressure, flow velocities and sediment concentrations were performed in the near near-shore area. It was concluded that a longer wave period leads to a larger dune erosion volume and to a larger landward retreat of the dune face. Tests with double-peaked wave spectra showed that the influence of the spectral shape on dune erosion was best represented by the T_m − 1,0 spectral mean wave period, better than the peak wave period, T_p. The effect of the wave period on dune erosion was implemented in a dune erosion prediction method that estimates erosion volumes during normative storm conditions for the Dutch coast. More details of the measurements and additional analyses of physical processes are described in an accompanying paper by Van Thiel de Vries et al. [Van Thiel de Vries, J.S.M., van Gent, M.R.A., Reniers, A.J.H.M. and Walstra, D.J.R., submitted for publication. Analysis of dune erosion processes in large scale flume experiments, In this volume of Coastal Engineering.].  相似文献   

Turbulence fields in the lee of two‐dimensional transverse dunes simulated in a wind tunnel     

Zhibao Dong  Guangqiang Qinan  Ping Lu  Wanyin Luo  Hongtao Wang 《地球表面变化过程与地形》2009,34(2):204-216

The turbulence field of airflow in the lee of a dune has significant impacts on dune dynamics and related processes. We used particle image velocimetry in a wind tunnel simulation to obtain detailed velocity measurements in the lee of two‐dimensional transverse dune models, then used the results to analyse their turbulence fields. The dune models used in this study had a single lee angle of 30°, and a total of six stoss angles: 3°, 5°, 10°, 15°, 20° and 25°. We used vorticity, turbulence intensity, Reynolds stress and turbulent kinetic energy to characterize the turbulence fields. These parameters were functions of stoss angle, wind velocity, distance from the dune crest and height above the ground surface. The stoss angles could generally be divided into two groups based on the profiles of mean velocity, turbulence and Reynolds stress. Stoss angles of 3° and 5° usually had similar profiles, and angles of 15°, 20° and 25° formed a second group with similar profiles. The profiles for the stoss angle of 10° were usually transitional and were intermediate between the two groups. Vorticity, Reynolds stress and turbulent kinetic energy increased monotonically with increasing free‐stream wind velocity, but their variations with respect to the stoss angle were complex. The stoss angles of 15° and 20° had the maximum values of these three parameters, thus these angles may have special significance in dune development given the characteristics of the mean velocity fields and turbulence fields they produce within the lee airflow. It is the streamwise velocity component and its turbulence that determine the surface shear stress. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley and Sons, Ltd.  相似文献