Neoliberalizing environmental governance? Land trusts, private conservation and nature on the Oak Ridges Moraine     

Shannon Logan  Gerda R. Wekerle 《Geoforum》2008,(6):2097-2108

With recent changes in the ways that state agencies are implementing their environmental policies, the line between public and private is becoming increasingly blurred. This includes shifts from state-led implementation of environmental policies to conservation plans that are implemented and managed by multi-sectoral networks of governments, the private sector and environmental non-governmental organizations (ENGOs). This paper examines land trusts as private conservation initiatives that become part of neoliberal governance arrangements and partnerships that challenge our conceptions of environmental preservation and democratic participation. The paper starts with an examination of the concept of neoliberalized environmental governance. Next, it addresses the shifting social constructions of property and land in the context of protecting large scale ecosystems. Through a case study of the extension of new environmental governance arrangements on the Oak Ridges Moraine in Ontario, we examine the relationships that have formed between different levels of the state and environmental non-governmental organizations. Finally, we analyze the expansion of land trusts and private conservation initiatives that are predicated on private land ownership and the commodification of nature, the emerging discourses and practices of private conservation, and how these are implicated in the privatization and neoliberalization of nature.  相似文献   

Paleoenvironmental records of water level and climatic changes from the middle to late Holocene at a Lake Erie coastal wetland, Ontario, Canada   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

Sarah A. Finkelstein  Anthony M. Davis 《Quaternary Research》2006,65(1):33-43

Pollen and diatom assemblages, and peat stratigraphies, from a coastal wetland on the northern shore of Lake Erie were used to analyze water level and climatic changes since the middle Holocene and their effects on wetland plant communities. Peat deposition began 4700 cal yr B.P. during the Nipissing II transgression, which was driven by isostatic rebound. At that time, a diatom-rich wild rice marsh existed at the site. Water level dropped at the end of the Nipissing rise at least 2 m within 200 yr, leading to the development of shallower-water plant communities and an environment too dry for most diatoms to persist. The sharp decline in water level was probably driven primarily by outlet incision, but climate likely played some role. The paleoecological records provide evidence for post-Nipissing century-scale transgressions occurring around 2300, 1160, 700 and 450 cal yr B.P. The chronology for these transgressions correlates with other studies from the region and implies climatic forcing. Peat inception in shallow sloughs across part of the study area around 700 cal yr B.P. coincides with the Little Ice Age. These records, considered alongside others from the region, suggest that the Little Ice Age may have resulted in a wetter climate across the eastern Great Lakes region.  相似文献   

Planning for source water protection in Ontario   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

J.L. Ivey  R.C. de Loë  R.D. Kreutzwiser 《Applied geography (Sevenoaks, England)》2006,26(3-4):192-209

Ontario began developing a drinking water source protection planning process in 2000, after a rural community's water supply was contaminated by pathogens from agricultural runoff. An expert committee report has recommended legislating a new source protection “sphere of jurisdiction” for municipalities; however, no specific new municipal tools or authorities have been proposed as yet. This paper reports findings from an evaluation of the extent to which existing institutional arrangements for land use planning and water management facilitate or constrain source protection by municipalities. A case study of the Regional Municipality of Waterloo suggests there is the potential to link land use planning more strongly to water management through creative use of existing tools, forgoing the need for major institutional changes.  相似文献   

Canada's environmental farm plans: transatlantic perspectives on agri-environmental schemes   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

GUY M ROBINSON 《The Geographical journal》2006,172(3):206-218

Evaluation of Ontario's Environmental Farm Plan (EFP) scheme, launched in 1993, provides an opportunity for comparisons with agri-environmental measures instituted in the European Union and other parts of North America. The EFP has a strong 'bottom-up' dimension in that it is farmers' organizations that have been central both to the scheme's instigation and to its ongoing management. This has affected the nature of the actions taken by individual farmers participating in the scheme. These actions are reviewed, especially in terms of the participants' attitudes towards stewardship of the land, environmental outcomes, cross-compliance measures, barriers to participation and the role of statutory regulation. Some contrasts are drawn with the greater 'top-down' controls exerted in several EU agri-environment schemes, with the latter's promotion of extensification and the changing role of farmers as 'producers of countryside' in a multi-functional agricultural system. The diffusion of EFP schemes throughout Canada is noted and is cited as confirming the maintenance of fundamentally different attitudes to the development of farm-based environmental actions compared with those adopted in the EU.  相似文献   

Interpretation of seismic and potential field data from western New York State and Lake Ontario     

Khaled Ouassaa  David A. Forsyth   《Tectonophysics》2002,353(1-4)

Lithoprobe and industry seismic profiles have furnished evidence of major zones of easterly dipping Grenville deformed crust extending southwest from exposed Grenville rocks north of Lake Ontario. Additional constraints on subsurface structure limited to the postulated Clarendon–Linden fault system south of Lake Ontario are provided by five east–west reflection lines recorded in 1976. Spatial correlations between seismic structure and magnetic anomalies are described from both Lake Ontario and the newly reprocessed New York lines.In the Paleozoic to Precambrian upper crust, the New York seismic sections show: (1) An easterly thickening wedge of subhorizontal Paleozoic strata unconformably overlying a Precambrian basement whose surface has an apparent regional easterly dip of 1–2°. Minor apparent normal offsets, possibly on the order of tens of meters, occur within the Paleozoic section. The generally poorly reflective unconformity may be locally characterized by topographic relief on the order of 100 m; (2) Apparent local displacement on the order of 90 m at the level of the Black River Group diminishes upward to little or no apparent offset of Queenston Shale; (3) Within the limited seismic sections, there appears to be no evidence that the complete upper crustal section is vertically or subvertically offset; (4) Dipping structure in the Paleozoic strata (15° to 35°) resembles some underlying Precambrian basement elements; (5) The surface continuity of inferred faults constituting the Clarendon–Linden system is not strongly supported by the seismic data.Beneath the Paleozoic strata, the seismic sections show both linear and arcuate reflector geometry with easterly apparent dips of 15° to 35° similar to the deep structures imaged on seismic lines from nearby Lake Ontario and on Lithoprobe lines to the north. The similarity supports an extension of easterly dipping Central Metasedimentary Belt structures of the Grenville orogen from southern Ontario to beneath western New York State.From a comparison of the magnetic and gravity fields with the New York seismic sections, we suggest: (1) The largely nonmagnetic Paleozoic strata appear to contribute negligibly to magnetic anomalies. Seismically imaged fractures in the New York Paleozoic strata appear to lie mainly west of a positive gravity anomaly. The relationship between magnetic and gravity anomalies and the changes in the geometry of interpreted Precambrian structures remains enigmatic; (2) North to northeast trending curvilinear magnetic and gravity anomalies parallel, but are not restricted to the principal trend of the postulated Clarendon–Linden fault system. Paleozoic fractures of the Clarendon–Linden system may partly overlie a southward extension of the Composite Arc Belt boundary zone.  相似文献   

Anthropogenic influences on hydrocarbon contents of sediments deposited in eastern Lake Ontario since 1800   总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3  

R. A. Bourbonniere  P. A. Meyers 《Environmental Geology》1996,28(1):22-28

 The amounts and types of extractable hydrocarbon components in sediment cores from the Rochester Basin of eastern Lake Ontario provide a record of environmental changes that have accompanied the settlement and population growth of the surrounding land areas. Sediments deposited prior to the mid-1800s contain low concentrations of hydrocarbons that are dominated by land-plant wax components. Concentrations begin to rise in the late 1800s as erosion of soil and nutrients from watershed areas accelerated. This pattern continues into modern times. Episodes of enhanced aquatic productivity are sometimes recorded in twentieth-century sediments by the dominance of algal hydrocarbons, but land-plant components typically predominate. Petroleum residues begin to appear in sediments deposited in the late 1800's but remain minor constituents of the hydrocarbon contents of modern sediments in the Rochester Basin. Received: 21 March 1995 · Accepted: 11 August 1995  相似文献   

Analysis of the interannual variability of annual daily extreme water levels in the St Lawrence River and Lake Ontario from 1918 to 2010          下载免费PDF全文

Ali A. Assani  Raphaëlle Landry  Stacey Biron  Jean‐Jacques Frenette 《水文研究》2014,28(13):4011-4022

We compared the interannual variability of annual daily maximum and minimum extreme water levels in Lake Ontario and the St Lawrence River (Sorel station) from 1918 to 2010, using several statistical tests. The interannual variability of annual daily maximum extreme water levels in Lake Ontario is characterized by a positive long‐term trend showing two shifts in mean (1929–1930 and 1942–1943) and a single shift in variance (in 1958–1959). In contrast, for the St Lawrence River, this interannual variability is characterized by a negative long‐term trend with a single shift in mean, which occurred in 1955–1956. As for annual daily minimum extreme water levels, their interannual variability shows no significant long‐term change in trend. However, for Lake Ontario, the interannual variability of these water levels shows two shifts in mean, which are synchronous with those for maximum water levels, and a single shift in variance, which occurred in 1965–1966. These changes in trend and stationarity (mean and variance) are thought to be due to factors both climatic (the Great Drought of the 1930s) and human (digging of the Seaway and construction of several dams and locks during the 1950s). Despite this change in means and variance, the four series are clearly described by the generalized extreme value distribution. Finally, annual daily maximum and minimum extreme water levels in the St Lawrence and Lake Ontario are negatively correlated with Atlantic multidecadal oscillation over the period from 1918 to 2010. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

Substrate selection and seasonal variation in abundance and size composition of isopod Lirceus fontinalis in Ontario streams, Canada     

ZHAO Xiaoxia Michael G FOX David C. LASENBY Alexis C. ARMIT Dolly N. KOTHAWALA 《中国海洋湖沼学报》2007,25(2):215-220

The abundance and size composition of stream isopods Lirceus fontinalis were investigated from April 2001 to August 2002 in 3 streams in southern Ontario, Canada. Effects of current speed was released from the analysis by choosing slow flowing water. The effects of substrate, season and water depth on the abundance, distribution and size composition of the isopods were analyzed. It was found that substrate and season influence isopods the most. The rocky substrate with attached filamentous macro-algae contains an isopod abundance 7.05 times that of bare rock substrate and 14.6 times that of fine-sand and mud substrate. There was a large variation with respect to seasonality in both abundance and size composition of the isopods, with the highest abundance occurring in summer and the lowest in winter and spring; individual isopods also tend to be larger in the winter and spring. In all substrates, shallow areas tend to support higher densities of isopods than deeper areas.  相似文献   

Is it sound policy or fast policy? Practitioners’ perspectives on the role of place branding in local economic development     

Evan Cleave  Richard Sadler  Jason Gilliland 《Urban geography》2017,38(8):1133-1157

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Green Costs,Red Ink: Determinants of Municipal Defensive Expenditures inOntario     

《The Professional geographer》2013,65(1):115-134

Book reviews are in these Articles.

Understanding Peasant Agriculture: An Integrated Land-Use Model for the Punjab Joseph H. Astroth, Jr. Chicago: University of Chicago, Committee on Geographical Studies, 1990. (Geography Research Paper No. 223). ix and 173 pp., maps, photos, figs., apps., biblio., and index; $12.00 paper (ISBN 0-89065-127-2).

National Integration in Indonesia: Patterns and Policies Christine Drake. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 1989. xvi and 354 pp., maps, diags., tables, index, and biblio. $35.00 cloth ISBN 0-8248- 1229-8).

Urban Economic Theory: Land Use and City Size. Masahisa Fujita. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1989. x and 366 pp., diag., graphs, biblio. notes, append, biblio., index. $65.00 cloth (ISBN 0-521-34662-2).

The Sugar Cane Industry: An Historical Geography from Its Origins to 1914. J. H. Galloway. Cambridge, MA: Cambridge University Press, 1989. xiii and 266 pp., maps, tables, diags., index, and biblio. $44.50 cloth (ISBN 0-521-24853-1).

Government Policy and Industrial Change. David Gibbs, ED. New York: Routledge, 1989. xvi and 317 pp., 15 figs., 53 tables, index, and biblio. $59.95 cloth (ISBN 0-415-01032-2).

English Agriculture: An Historical Perspective. David Grigg. New York: Basil Blackwell, 1989. vii and 256 pp. $60.00 cloth (ISBN 0-631-16033-7).

London 2001. Peter Hall. London: Unwin Hyman, 1989. xii and 226 pp., maps, diags., index, and biblio. $34.95 cloth (ISBN 0-04-4451 61 -X).

The Land that Became Israel: Studies in Historical Geography. Ruth Kark, ED. Translated from the Hebrew by Michael Gordon. Jerusalem: The Magnes Press, The Hebrew University and New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 1990. x and 332 pp., maps, diags., plates. $27.50 cloth (ISBN 0-300- 04718-5).

Die Farmer-Genossenschaften in den USA – Eine agrargeographie Untersuchung. Werner Klohn. Vechta, Federal Republic of Germany: Vechtaer Druckerei, 1990. Vechtaer Arbeiten zur Geographie und Regionalwissenschaft, Band 9. 285 pp., maps, photos, diags., and biblio. 39.80 DM paper (ISBN 3-88441-083-0).

Agricultural Development in Japan: The Land Improvement District in Concept and Practice. Gil Latz. Chicago, IL University of Chicago Press, 1989. vii and 135 pp., maps, diags., index, and biblio. $12.00 paper (ISBN 0-89065-129-9).

Land Use Planning Made Plain. Hok Lin Leung. Kingston, Ontario: Ronald P. Frye &; Company, 1989. xv and 237 pp., maps, diags., tables, append., index, and refs. $19.95 paper (ISBN 0-919741-98-3).

Computers in Geography. David J. Maguire. New York: Halsted Press, 1989. xv and 248 pp., maps, photos, diags., index, and biblio. $31.95 paper (ISBN 0-470-21 194-6).

Maps with the News: The Development of American Journalistic Cartography. Mark Monmonier. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1989. xii and 331 pp., maps, illus., index, and biblio. $24.95 cloth (ISBN 0-226-53411-1).

Geographic Information Systems and Cartographic Modeling. C. Dana Tomlin. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall, 1990. xviii and 249 pp., maps, diags., review questions, selected readings, appendix, index, $44.20 cloth (ISBN 0-13-350927-3).  相似文献