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The three GC coeluting C40 bis-phytanes with head-to-tail, tail-to-tail and head-to-head linkages considered to be archaebacterial markers, have been recognized in petroleum by enhanced mass-fragmentography. Supporting evidence has been obtained by the simultaneous occurrence of two C21–C24 series of isoprenoid and quasi-isoprenoid hydrocarbons that are supposedly formed during the catagenetic degradation of the isomeric C40 isoprenoids. The C21–C24 quasi-isoprenoid hydrocarbons have been identified conclusively for the first time by comparison with authentic standards. 相似文献
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Acyclic isoprenoids were among the earliest lipids on Earth and today > 30,000 isoprenoid-derived compounds are known, testifying to the remarkable diversification in isoprenoid biosynthetic pathways over time. Many of the isoprenoids have proven to be useful biomarkers in geochemical studies and evidence from sedimentary studies has the potential to provide a timeline for the evolution of different types of isoprenoid biosynthesis. A single green microalgal species termed Botryococcus braunii has been recognised as a major contributor of organic matter to sediments as old as the Precambrian. Modern studies of the taxonomy of B. braunii using molecular biology techniques have shown that the major clades identified from 18S rRNA gene sequences correspond to races A, B, L and S, which are defined on the basis of their hydrocarbon composition. The biosynthetic pathways by which C30–C37 botryococcenes are produced by the B race have now been shown to be due to a duplication of the squalene synthase gene, followed by subsequent changes to the genes, such that one pathway leads to the production of the C30 botryococcene and the other to squalene. Both products are then methylated to produce botryococcenes and methylated squalenes having higher carbon numbers. The mode of biosynthesis of lycopadiene in race L is unclear, but may involve coupling of two C20 phytyl diphosphates. From an examination of the geological record of botryococcenes and lycopadiene it seems likely that these pathways probably evolved early in the Eocene (ca. 55 Ma) and thus are more recently evolved than the genes for highly branched isoprenoid (HBI) alkenes first produced by diatoms about 92 Ma ago. Botryococcane produced from botryococcenes and a monoaromatic hydrocarbon produced from lycopadiene-related lipids, presumably under anoxic conditions, show promise as age diagnostic biomarkers. In view of these results, it seems likely that the Botryococcus species recorded in sediments predating the Eocene lacked the ability to produce botryococcenes or lycopadiene, but nonetheless still contained polymeric non-isoprenoid alkyl chains in the form of an algaenan which on preservation gave rise to a multitude of organic rich rocks. 相似文献
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A lightly biodegraded crude oil from the Tolkinsk field (Upper Jurassic), situated in north-west Siberia, was found to contain a series of C28–C39 isoprenoid alkanes. Most of these components contain a pristane unit linked head-to-head with other isoprenoid units. The structures of these components were elucidated by mass spectral interpretations, comparisons with a synthesised standard and by reference to data published previously in the literature. These results extend the carbon number range, the variety of structural types, and the number of reported occurrences of these compounds in geological samples. These results provide further evidence for a contribution of bacterial cell-wall lipids to crude oils. 相似文献
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轮南油田不同时代储层原油中检出了丰富的三甲基苯基类异戊二烯化合物。该类化合物被普遍认为是来自于高盐度和强还原水体沉积环境中绿硫菌体内的类胡萝卜素的特征性生物标志化合物。该类化合物的检出对轮南油田烃源岩研究具有重要的指示意义，暗示了具有分层水体或高盐度的强还原环境下发育的优势烃源岩，对该区烃类的主力生烃贡献不容忽视。基于C15-3，4，5-三甲基苯基类异戊二烯异构体在轮南油田原油中的分布规律，及C15-3，4，5／C13-2，3，6-比值与Pr／Ph，Ga／C31H和Ts／Tm等常规地球化学参数的对比，说明具有生源意义、能够指示沉积相特征的三甲基苯基类异戊二烯化合物分布，在一定程度上也受烃类热演化程度的影响。 相似文献
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Two samples from the upper and lower horizons of the Irati oil shale of the Paraná Basin, Brazil were sampled in a single borehole, and analysed using organic petrography and geochemistry. The results are interpreted in terms of the kerogen type, maturity and depositional environment of the two horizons.Organic petrography shows the oil-shales to be composed of a mineral groundmass, mainly clay minerals, carbonate and pyrite, associated, and sometimes impregnated, with fluorescing organic material and disseminated phytoclasts. Humic material is fairly rare and mostly present as very small particles. The liptinitic particles are mostly alginite (A and B), sporinite and more rarely resinite. Reflectance measurements (upper seam = 0.34% R0; lower seam = 0.40% R0) indicate an equivalent rank of lignite/sub-bituminous coal (ASTM), i.e. immature with respect to oil and gas generation. Different organic geochemical methods (Rock-Eval pyrolysis, solvent extraction, GC and GC-MS) demonstrate both samples to be immature, rich oil-shales (100–114 kg/ton) containing Type I kerogen, of a dominantly bacterially-degraded algal origin deposited in a lacustrine environment. The presence of Botryococcus suggests deposition under fresh/brackish water conditions.A tentative interpretation of the extract and vitrinite reflectance data suggests a maximum paleo-burial of between 1.3 and 2.8 km for the analysed section of the Irati Formation. 相似文献
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南极磷虾是南大洋生态系统的关键物种, 种群聚集在南大洋的大西洋扇区。海冰在南极磷虾生活史中起着重要作用, 海冰及其冰下环境为磷虾越冬提供了避难场所, 但海冰是否为磷虾越冬提供了重要的饵料存在一定的争议, 对此问题的解决需要量化源于海冰的冰藻对南极磷虾越冬期间饵料及碳源的贡献。基于2020年冬季(3~8月)于南大洋大西洋扇区48.1亚区(布兰斯菲尔德海峡周边区域)和48.3亚区(南乔治亚岛周边海域)采集的磷虾样品, 通过两种高支链类异戊二烯化合物(IPSO25和HBI III)分别作为源于海冰的冰藻和源于水体浮游植物的生物标志物, 对两个区域冬季磷虾对冰藻和浮游植物的依赖进行研究。结果显示, 处于较高纬度、海冰密集度较高的48.1亚区的南极磷虾体内含有更高的IPSO25, 而处于开阔水域48.3亚区的磷虾体内有更高比例的HBI III, 另外48.3亚区磷虾的δ13C和δ15N稳定同位素显著高于48.1亚区的磷虾。48.1亚区南极磷虾越冬期间对浮游植物和冰藻的依赖与体长相关, 其中体长相对较短的早期成体呈现更高的依赖性, 同时该区域磷虾对冰藻的摄食提高了其营养级地位。48.3区南极磷虾越冬期间两种类异戊二烯含量与δ15N稳定同位素数值呈负相关关系, 表明该区域南极磷虾在初级生产匮乏时会摄食动物性饵料。若未来南大洋大西洋扇区海冰持续减少, 这将对整个磷虾种群、磷虾渔业的可持续发展和区域生态系统的稳定性产生威胁。 相似文献
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C25高支链类异戊烯烃(C25HBIs)通常被认为是指示硅藻的生物标志化合物,近年来在长江下游湖泊沉积物中被广泛检出。尽管云南湖泊分布广泛,但尚未有C25HBIs检出的相关报道。本研究通过分析洱海不同湖区表层沉积物,首次指出其存在C25HBIs化合物,并通过分析不同C25HBIs化合物的空间分布特征解析其生物地球化学指示意义。结果显示,洱海表层沉积物中存在C25:1 HBI和C25.2HBI化合物,但均未检测到同分异构体。洱海沉积物中C25HBIs浓度为11.18μg/g(TOC),显著高于富营养化的太湖,与澄湖相当。C25:1 HBI浓度表现出南高北低的空间分布特征,而C25:2HBI浓度则相反,因此C25.1HBI可能表征了洱海南部湖区的优势硅藻。在C25.2HBI浓度较低(<0.4μg/g)的沉积物中,C... 相似文献
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Distributions of free and sulfur-bound biomarkers in organic-rich sediments from the lower and upper Keg River formation (Elk Point group, western Canada) reveal deposition of these sediments under reducing conditions, in agreement with the geological data. The predominance of aryl isoprenoids of Chlorobiaceae origin indicates that photic zone anoxia occurred during time of deposition. A series of novel aryl isoprenoids with a carboxylic acid function was identified by GC–MS and the structure of the predominant 3-methyl-5-(2′,3′,6′-trimethylphenyl)pentanoate was proven by synthesis of an authentic standard. The occurrence of these acids gives evidence that oxidative breakdown at least partially accounts for the diagenetic fate of aromatic carotenoids. Li/EtNH2 desulfurization of two kerogen concentrates yielded only low amounts of sulfur-bound hydrocarbons, and suggests that either sulfur sequestration was not a predominant process or, more probably, that a major part of the hydrocarbons, initially sulfurized, were released upon maturation, giving further evidence that (poly)sulfide bonds are cleaved at relatively low levels of thermal stress. 相似文献
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太平洋东部ES0103柱状样品中可溶有机质的组成变化及其早期成岩作用 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
利用2001年采自太平洋东部ES0103站位的多管沉积物柱状样品,采用GC/MS对沉积物中的可溶有机质(氯仿沥青"A")及其族组成(饱和烃、芳烃、非烃和沥青质)、正构烷烃、类异戊二烯烃和萜类化合物进行了定量分析,结果表明:(1)氯仿沥青"A"中的非烃较饱和烃和芳烃的含量高,反映出该海区沉积物中有机质的演化程度较低.(2)正构烷烃的碳分子数范围多为nC14～nC34,CPI值略显奇偶优势,轻重烃比值(nC23-/nC24 )较低;类异戊二烯烃的Pr/Ph值较低,显示出该海区沉积物中的烃类是在较强的还原环境下形成的低成熟烃类,其母质来源主要为大型低等水生生物.(3)总有机碳与显晶蜡产率、氯仿沥青"A"均呈明显正相关关系,表明有机质相对富集层位所处的沉积环境也有利于高蜡烃的形成,成烃演化与成岩作用阶段有较好的对应关系.而萜类化合物的Ts/Tm值在表层和深部差别不大,显示出典型的低成熟烃类的特征.由此可见, ES0103柱状样品所处海区的沉积物为在较强还原环境中形成的,其有机质演化程度较低,为早期成岩作用阶段的产物. 相似文献