The monosaccharide spectra of natural waters     

Kenneth Mopper  Rodger Dawson  Gerd Liebezeit  Venu Ittekkot 《Marine Chemistry》1980,10(1):55-66

Monosaccharides were determined in waters and sediment pore waters from a wide variety of environments and locations. Desalting was performed by electrodialysis and concentrated extracts were analyzed by two forms of liquid chromatography. At least 12 sugars were identified. Glucose and fructose were the dominant monosaccharides in nearly all samples examined. Analyses of over 150 seawater and sediment pore water samples showed that fructose is highly significantly correlated (>0.99) with glucose concentrations. Laboratory kinetic experiments on the epimerization reaction, glucose ? fructose, in sterilized natural seawater in the dark, yielded a forward rate constant, k₁, of 1.2 × 10^?5 h^?1 at 25°C and 1.6 × 10^?7 h^?1 at 2°C. The approximate time required to attain equilibrium at 25°C was 1.1 y and at 2°C, 15.4 y; the measured equilibrium constant was in the range 0.3–0.4. The actual ratio of fructose to glucose in natural water samples was usually in the range 1.0–1.4/l, independent of the total monosaccharide concentrations, which varied in the samples by a factor of ～100. Several possible explanations for the apparent discrepancy in the determined and found ratios are discussed: the presence of universal, as yet, undiscovered major biological sources for fructose in marine environments; preferential utilization of glucose; preferential incorporation of fructose into or onto inorganic colloids; and preferential formation of fructose-transition metal ion associations.  相似文献   

渤海海峡跨海通道建设前后区际城市群物流网络结构的时空演变   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

王泽东  张小林  孙东琪  孙海燕 《地理研究》2020,39(3):585-600

随着网络社会不断崛起,城市空间内涵发生了明显改变,已经成为人文地理学研究的新的重要内容。通过改进重力模型,基于有向加权网络分析方法以及BRIM算法,探讨了渤海海峡跨海通道建设前后山东半岛城市群与辽中南城市群物流网络结构的演变过程,研究发现：①渤海通道建设主要影响城市低等级物流联系,对高等级网络的影响局部集中在辽中南南部和山东半岛东部且自身物流规模较大的城市之间,其中大连、沈阳以及青岛、烟台、潍坊、济南等少数重点城市之间垄断了大量的物流资源;② 通道建设促进了“双通道双向合成流”格局形成,在各自城市群内部,物流结构将出现陆、海方向上的分离性变化,大连、烟台作为通道门户城市的地位逐渐确立;③ 首位离心流、向心流格局在演变过程中均表现出渤海通道指向性,仅有沈阳⇄济南、沈阳⇄淄博、大连⇄青岛、鞍山⇄潍坊等少数城市之间保持了常态化互惠关系,但互惠程度并不对称,辽中南地区城市的物流输出规模普遍高于具有互惠关系的山东半岛城市,前者表现为典型的“双核-边缘”结构,后者具有多极网络化特征;④ 通道建设前后山东半岛城市群的物流城市类型保持稳定,辽中南地区的向心流主导型城市则不断向铁岭、抚顺、本溪等东北部城市蔓延;⑤ 大连在渤海通道建设后首次与烟台、青岛等山东半岛城市群东部城市实现了同一子群结构衔接,总体上优化了山东半岛与辽中南城市群的物流空间格局。  相似文献   

风向变化特征在季风模拟评估中的应用   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

张丽  李建平 《大气科学》2008,32(1):53-66

作者抓住季风风向具有季节性反转这一最本质的特征,引入了“有向转角”的新概念,它与传统盛行风夹角的概念不同,能够反映风向逐日变化的方向性和旋转角度的大小。用欧拉观点揭示了季风风矢量随时间演变的旋转特点, 体现了季风风向独具特色的季节演变过程。同时,发现不同地区风向的季节循环有6种基本类型:（I）先顺时针后逆时针旋转、（II）先逆时针后顺时针旋转、（III）完全顺时针旋转、（IV）完全逆时针旋转、（V）风向稳定型和（VI）风向变化不稳定型。且季风风向的季节性反转主要通过前四种旋转方式来实现。分析了这6种风向变化型的全球分布特征,研究了它们与大气环流系统演变的联系。并进一步将“有向转角” 概念用于IPCC第四次评估报告AMIP试验8个模式的模拟评估,结果表明,这一概念的引入能从逐日变化的角度凸显风向变化过程,不仅能够客观反映模式模拟季风风向逐日变化的动力过程以及风矢量旋转方式的全球分布,还能体现模式对大气环流系统季节演变的表征能力。研究还发现在这8个模式中,大多数模式基本能把风矢量旋转方式的全球分布形式模拟出来,但对于季风区风矢量旋转方式的模拟还有待于进一步提高。  相似文献   

可控阵幂敛指数的一个新上界     

陈文轶  刘文斌 《中国海洋大学学报(自然科学版)》2005,35(2):267-269

从局部幂敛指数出发，对局部幂敛指数与其有向图的结构之间的关系进行了细致的分析，得到了1个简单易行的判断可控阵幂敛指数上界的方法，给出了可控阵幂敛指数的1个新的上界。  相似文献   

定向移动基于马尔科夫链的时空不确定性     

尹章才  孙华涛  陈雪菲  刘清全 《测绘学报》2015,44(10):1160-1166

概率时间地理是经典时间地理基于概率的一种扩展,它采用概率描述移动对象在可达位置的非等可能性。已有的概率时间地理是基于正态分布或布朗桥的,其方差与移动速度无关或随移动速度的增大而发散,因而难以兼顾应用针对性和稳定性。本文提出了一种基于马尔科夫链的概率时间地理方法。首先,构建中间关于两边的双向条件马尔科夫链,它在移动速度足够大时的极限可视为布朗桥,因而具有稳定性数字特征。然后,建立定向移动到马尔科夫链的映射关系,主要是根据定向移动的时空位置、移动速度等信息建立马尔科夫链的步长、状态空间和转移矩阵,这样马尔科夫链与移动速度有关。最后,利用双向马尔科夫链连续计算定向移动在任意时刻的概率分布云,其方差的针对性和稳定性在实例中进行了验证。  相似文献   

湖南郴县红旗岭钨锡矿多金属矿区钻探施工措施分析   总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1       下载免费PDF全文

叶友仁  陈洋 《探矿工程》2010,37(9):6-9

介绍了湖南郴县红旗岭钨锡矿多金属矿区的地质地层概况,对施工中所采取的钻进方法、护壁堵漏技术及防斜治斜措施进行了详细的介绍分析,并用施工效果证明了采取的相关技术措施是可行的和合理的。  相似文献   

Directed Evolution of the Biosphere: Biogeochemical Selection or Gaia?     

Andrei G. Lapenis 《The Professional geographer》2002,54(3):379-391

At the end of the nineteenth and the beginning of the twentieth centuries, a few Russian scientists proposed an interrelated hypothesis on the coevolution of life and the environment. Because political, linguistic, and cultural barriers between Russia and the rest of the world existed through most of the twentieth century, many of their concepts are not well known in Western science. The synthesis of their works presented in this article leads to the concept of directed evolution of the global ecosystem. Similar to the influential Gaia hypothesis, this concept predicts evolution of the global ecosystem toward conditions generally favorable for organisms. Unlike the Gaia hypothesis, however, the directed evolution in works of Russian scientists results from the superposition of “micro–forces” controlled on local and regional scales by the universal criterion of biogeochemical selection.  相似文献   

基于有向转变中心性与控制力的长三角城市网络空间结构分析   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

文超  詹庆明  刘达  米子豪 《地理科学》2021,41(6):971-979

采用腾讯人口迁徙数据构建长三角的有向城市网络,利用有向转变中心性与控制力研究人口流动视角下的区域空间结构。研究表明,长三角地区已形成“区域性核心-局域性核心-人口扩散型城市”联动发展的多核心、等级化、网络化的空间结构。在该地区同时存在“同城化”“核心-边缘”空间发展模式。长三角41个城市可划分为7种发展类型,其中资源集聚型城市对人口资源存在普遍争夺的情况。研究进一步分析了长三角地区有向城市网络的空间结构及发展特征,并对相关影响因素进行分析,为长三角地区实现高质量发展的区域战略布局提供支撑。  相似文献   

The free amino acid composition of seawater obtained without desalting and preconcentration     

C Garrasi  E.T Degens  K Mopper 《Marine Chemistry》1979,8(1):71-85

A conventional amino acid analyzer was modified to allow detection of dissolved free amino acids in a direct injection of 0.5 to 2.0 ml of seawater. The amino acids were monitored fluorimetrically by reaction with o-phthaldialdehyde after column chromatography. The accuracies of two commonly employed desalting methods, cation exchange resin and copper Chelex, were determined by comparison with the direct injection method. After correcting the results of the desalting methods for the procedural blank and recovery rate for each individual amino acid, the amino acid compositions on a mole percent basis as determined by these methods resembled approximately the true composition determined by direct injection. However, on an absolute basis the cation resin method overestimates and the copper Chelex method underestimates the total amount of dissolved free amino acids. The reasons for these discrepancies are discussed. Using the direct injection method, the spectra of dissolved free amino acids in surface seawater samples from different locations were determined. As opposed to the relatively uniform patterns reported in most past investigations, the amino acid spectra found were highly variable. In a number of samples, the acidic amino acids dominated the spectra. Valine was also high in many samples. In a depth profile the deep samples were dominated by arginine. Application of the method to real-time shipboard analyses of dissolved free amino acids is discussed.  相似文献   

Applications of graph theory to gross error detection for GPS geodetic control networks     

Samwel Katambi  Guo Jiming  Kong Xiangyuan 《地球空间信息科学学报》2013,16(4):26-31

This paper describes a broad perspective of the application of graph theory to establishment of GPS control networks whereby the GPS network is considered as a connected and directed graph with three components. In this algorithm the gross error detection is undertaken through loops of different spanning trees using the “Loop Law” in which the individual components ΔX, ΔY and ΔZ sum up to zero. If the sum of the respective vector components ΩX, ΩY and ΩZ in a loop is not zero and if the error is beyond the tolerable limit (ε>ω), it indicates the existence of gross errors in one of the baselines in the loop and therefore the baseline must be removed or re-observed. After successful screening of errors by graph theory, network adjustment can be carried out. In this paper, the GPS data from the control network established as refence system for the HP Dam at Baishan county in Liaoning province is presented to illustrate the algorithm.  相似文献