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A model is presented for the emplacement of intermediate volume ignimbrites based on a study of two 6 km3 volume ignimbrites on Roccamonfina Volcano, Italy. The model considers that the flows were slow moving, and quickly deflated from turbulent to non-turbulent conditions. Yield strength and density increased whereas fluidisation decreased with time and runout of the pyroclastic flows. In proximal locations, on the caldera rim, heterogeneous exposures including discontinuous lithic breccias, stratified and cross-stratified units interbedded with massive ignimbrite suggest deposition from turbulent flows. In medial locations thick, massive ignimbrite occurs associated with three types of co-ignimbrite lithic breccia which we interpret as being emplaced by non-turbulent flows. Multiple grading of different breccia/lithic concentration types within single flow units indicates that internal shear occurred producing overriding or overlapping of the rear of the flow onto the slower-moving front part. This overriding of different parts of non-turbulent pyroclastic flows could be caused by at least two different mechanisms: (1) changes in flow regime, such as hydraulic jumps that may occur at breaks in slope; and (2) periods of increased discharge rate, possibly associated with caldera collapse, producing fresh pulses of lithic-rich material that sheared onto the slower-moving part of the flow in front.We propose that ground surge deposits enriched in pumice compared with their associated ignimbrite probably formed by a flow separation mechanism from the top and front of the pyroclastic flow. These turbulent clouds moved ahead of the non-turbulent lower part of the flow to form stratified pumice-rich deposits. In distal regions well-developed coarse, often clast-supported, pumice concentrations zones and coarse intra-flow-unit lithic concentrations occur within the massive ignimbrite. We suggest that the flows were non-turbulent, possessed a relatively high yield strength and may have moved by plug flow prior to emplacement. 相似文献
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Lateral moraines constructed along west to east sloping outlet glaciers from mountain centred, pre-last glacial maximum (LGM) ice fields of limited extent remain largely preserved in the northern Swedish landscape despite overriding by continental ice sheets, most recently during the last glacial. From field evidence, including geomorphological relationships and a detailed weathering profile including a buried soil, we have identified seven such lateral moraines that were overridden by the expansion and growth of the Fennoscandian ice sheet. Cosmogenic 10Be and 26Al exposure ages of 19 boulders from the crests of these moraines, combined with the field evidence, are correlated to episodes of moraine stabilisation, Pleistocene surface weathering, and glacial overriding. The last deglaciation event dominates the exposure ages, with 10Be and 26Al data derived from 15 moraine boulders indicating regional deglaciation 9600 ± 200 yr ago. This is the most robust numerical age for the final deglaciation of the Fennoscandian ice sheet. The older apparent exposure ages of the remaining boulders (14,600-26,400 yr) can be explained by cosmogenic nuclide inheritance from previous exposure of the moraine crests during the last glacial cycle. Their potential exposure history, based on local glacial chronologies, indicates that the current moraine morphologies formed at the latest during marine oxygen isotope stage 5. Although numerous deglaciation ages were obtained, this study demonstrates that numerical ages need to be treated with caution and assessed in light of the geomorphological evidence indicating moraines are not necessarily formed by the event that dominates the cosmogenic nuclide data. 相似文献
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MELTWATER FEATURES THAT SUGGEST MIOCENE ICE-SHEET OVERRIDING OF THE TRANSANTARCTIC MOUNTAINS IN VICTORIA LAND, ANTARCTICA 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
GEORGE H. DENTON DAVID E. SUGDEN 《Geografiska Annaler: Series A, Physical Geography》2005,87(1):67-85
ABSTRACT. We illustrate here spectacular meltwater features associated with outburst floods beneath an ice sheet that overrode the Transantarctic Mountains in southern Victoria Land. Because of long-term hyperarid polar climate, these features are part of an ancient landscape preserved for about 14 million years. Some channels are associated with areal scouring of basement rocks extending from sea level to as much as 1200–2100 m elevation in coastal regions. Scablands with scallops, potholes and plunge pools are cut in Beacon Super group sandstones and Ferrar Dolerite and cover wide areas of high western plateaus near the mountain crest. Subglacial channel systems commonly originate near divides and converge downhill toward the northeast. We argue that the landforms were created beneath a major Antarctic Ice Sheet that submerged the whole area, with the possible exception of the high peaks of the Royal Society Range, as it flowed northeastward toward the outer Antarctic continental shelf. Areal scouring, associated with warm-based regimes, is restricted to the lower slopes close to the coast. In the higher terra in, meltwater channels and scabland alongside preserved patches of regolith are best explained by the breaching of cold-based ice on the mountain rim by subglacial melt water outbursts. Melt from warm-based ice, along with subglacial lakes trapped upstream of the mountain rim, are possible sources of the meltwater necessary to form the channel systems and scablands. 相似文献
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为研究硬性结构面剪切过程中爬坡剪断耦合作用,制作了不同高度h和坡度 组合的凸起体的硬性结构面三维模 型,开展模型剪切试验,试验结果证实了两种作用的耦合。分析剪切运动特征,提出了利用剪断面积Sj与剪切面积S的比值K定量表征爬坡和剪断耦合程度,在不同的主导作用下K值变化在0～1之间,并建立了考虑爬坡剪断耦合作用的抗剪强度算式,可评价锯齿型硬性结构面抗剪强度影响规律,得出抗压强度大的硬岩、表面起伏较平缓的结构面K值小,爬坡摩擦对抗剪强度贡献的组分大;抗压强度小的软岩、表面起伏较大的结构面K值大,岩石材料的强度对抗剪强度贡献的组分大。 相似文献
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论新疆深大断裂特征与地震的关系(3) 总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5
北天山山前地带是构造运动十分强烈的地区,褶皱断裂等构造现象十分发育,这里曾发生过多次中强破坏性地震。由于受区域构造长期作用的影响,在北天山山前地区逐步发育形成了多排褶皱背斜及活动断裂,且运动方式具有独特性。该区域作为推覆逆冲的典型地区,其研究成果具有代表性和普遍性。 相似文献
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大庆长垣北部葡萄花上部油层高分辨率层序地层划分 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
应用高分辨率层序地层学以及沉积学相关理论,依据67口井的岩芯和8000口井的测井资料,将松辽盆地大庆长垣北部喇萨杏地区的葡萄花油组上部油层（PI油层）划分为1个受湖泛面限定的完整中期基准面旋回,并在其内部划分出10~14个短期基准面旋回,指出了PI油层在南北向上存在厚度以及短期旋回个数的差异。通过平行及垂直物源方向上的密井剖面分析并结合前人认识以及构造背景,认为葡I油层存在着三种不同的地层叠覆模式:低可容空间下的主动进积薄层叠覆模式;极低可容空间下的强迫进积过路沉积模式;侵蚀进积的叠合模式。该认知对于指导喇萨杏地区甚至整个长垣地区的高精度地层对比具有指导意义。 相似文献
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火山机构叠置关系研究方法 总被引：3，自引：2，他引：1
如何在火山岩区双重填图方法基础上 ,进一步深化提高火山地质研究 ,福建闽清地区 1∶ 50 0 0 0区调强调了航、卫片解译与野外反复实践 ,圈定火山机构 1 33处 ,在研究单个火山构造 (机构 )的同时 ,更加注重了同期或不同期多个多种火山构造之间组合叠置关系 ,不仅查明区内晚侏罗世中酸性岩浆喷发阶段至少经历了 5次以上较大规模的喷发 ,同时也合理地重新建立了区内中生代火山岩地层层序。 相似文献
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对古浪8级大震孕育和发生的构造环境及发震模型的讨论 总被引：11，自引：1，他引：10
通过近年来对古良８级大震的震源机制解、震区活动构造、地震活动性及深部地球物理资料的研究,进一步探讨古良大震孕育和发生的、浅部地质构造环境和地震地质模型。研究结果认为,古浪地震是在北东－南西向挤压应力作用下,造山前陆逆断层沿深部低角度滑脱带产生逆冲－推覆运动形成的最新活动结果。 相似文献
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