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John G. Pope Jannike Falk-Pedersen Simon Jennings Jake C. Rice Henrik Gislason Niels Daan 《Deep Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography》2009,56(21-22):2097
Historically colder regions of the North Atlantic had fisheries dominated by only a few fish species; principally cod and capelin. Possible population dynamic mechanisms that lead to such dominance are investigated by considering how a charmingly simple published multispecies model of the North Sea would react if the system operated at a lower temperature. The existing model equations were modified to describe temperature effects on growth, fecundity and recruitment and the model was rerun based on typical temperatures for the North Sea and a colder system. The results suggest that total fish biomass in the colder system increases but the community is more vulnerable to a given rate of fishing mortality. In the colder system, within species density dependence is reduced but relative predation rates are higher. Consequently, intermediate-sized species are vulnerable to relatively high levels of predation throughout their life history and tend to be excluded, leading to a system dominated by small and large species. The model helps to explain how temperature may govern coexistence and competitive exclusion in fish communities and accounts for the observed dominance of small and large species in Boreal/Arctic ecosystems. 相似文献
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植物种群资源竞争与共存的理论模型研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
自然生态系统不同植物种群之间存在着广泛的竞争,且多种植物种群可以共存,即具有生物多样性。经典的资源竞争模型(莫诺模型)支持生态学上的"竞争排斥原理",不适用于阐释自然生态系统不同植物种群间的竞争与共存。根据植物生态系统的特点,引入植物种群的生长率随着物种个体大小/个体数增加而逐渐趋于饱和的性质,建立自抑制资源竞争模型。该模型与莫诺模型的本质区别在于,物种的临界可利用资源随种群密度增加而上升,从而可以达到不同物种间的平衡。数学分析及数值模拟结果表明,该模型可允许多物种稳定共存(即共存的物种种类数可以多于供给其生长的资源种类数),同时优势物种随资源供给率增加而依次变化。 相似文献
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Agricultural biotechnology (agbiotech) has intersected with a wider debate about ‘sustainable agriculture’, especially in Europe. Agbiotech was initially promoted as an alternative which would avoid or remedy past problems of intensive agriculture, but such claims were soon challenged. Agbiotech has extended the dominant agri-industrial paradigm, while critics have counterposed alternatives corresponding to an agrarian-based rural development paradigm. Amid controversy over environmental and health risks in the late 1990s, an extra issue emerged − the prospect that genetically modified (GM) material would become inadvertently mixed with non-GM crops. In response the European Commission developed a policy framework for ‘coexistence’ between GM, conventional and organic crops. This policy has aimed to ensure that farmers can freely choose among different production systems, which would develop side by side, yet specific proposals for coexistence rules favour some choices over others. Such rules have been contested according to different policy agendas, each promoting their model of future agriculture. Moreover, a Europe-wide network of regional authorities has promoted ‘GM-free zones’ as a territorial brand for green, localised, high-quality agri-food production, whose diverse qualities depend upon symbolic, immaterial characteristics. This alternative has been counterposed to the agri-industrial production of global commodities - symbolised by the European Union, especially its product authorisation procedure for the internal market. ‘Coexistence’ policy was intended to mediate policy conflicts over GM crops, yet it has become another arena for contending agricultural systems, which may not so readily co-exist in practice. Wherever an agrarian-based rural development paradigm gains local support, its alternative agricultures are in contradiction rather than coexistence with GM crops. 相似文献
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分析了浙江天台-宁海地区嵊县组第3沉积层的孢粉样品11个,该层时代属晚中新世.其中,在宁海县黄泥塘村和大路下村各采集4个,天台县家湖村采集3个;样品岩性主要为浅灰色至灰褐色湖相沉积的泥岩至泥质粉砂岩,部分样品含较多硅藻土(采样地点分布范围29°8′～ 29°10′N,121°14′～121°16′E).经化学处理,除HNT-11,DLX-1和DLX-2以外,在其余8个样品中发现了丰富且保存完好的孢粉化石,共鉴定39个类群,归属23科,建立了以栎属(Quercus)—松属(Pinus)—禾本科(Poaceae)——菱属(Trapa)为主要特征的孢粉组合.结合同层位植物大化石记录,推论晚中新世天台-宁海及其周边地区的植被类型丰富,以具有一定垂直地带性的森林植被为主:自山麓向上,随海拔升高,由常绿阔叶林逐渐向常绿、落叶阔叶混交林以及落叶阔叶林过渡;研究区生长有松属(Pinus)及竹类植物,草本植物生长茂盛,并生长有一定量的蕨类植物;研究区内湖泊、池塘及沼泽等平静的淡水水体普遍存在,使得菱属等水生草本及盘星藻(Pediastrum)等淡水藻类广泛生长.该植被类型与现今浙江兼具一定垂直地带性的典型中亚热带常绿阔叶林较为相似.通过对当前孢粉组合应用共存分析法,定量重建了晚中新世研究区的8个古气候参数,即年平均气温(MAT) 17.0～ 18.5℃,年平均降水量(MAP) 979.0 ～1722.0mm,最热月平均气温(WMT) 26.5～28.4℃,最冷月平均气温(CMT) 3.3 ～ 7.7℃,平均最大月降水量(MMaP) 176.2～265.0mm,平均最小月降水量(MMiP)7.0～31.6mm,平均最热月降水量(MWP) 165.5～ 232.5mm以及气温年较差(DT) 18.2～ 21.5℃,表明晚中新世研究区的气候温暖湿润,同该区现代气候相近. 相似文献
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