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1.
We describe in detail the deformation structures and textures of a large-scale landslide body that developed in the Betto-dani
Valley in northern central Japan. We studied the shape-preferred orientation of clasts and clay flakes and the development
of internal shear planes within the slip zone of the landslide. The slip has an average rate of 5–10 cm/year under the overburden
pressure of approximately 1.6 MPa; these values are similar to those of the proto-decollement zone of the Nankai accretionary
prism in SW Japan. The anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility of samples obtained from the slip zone reveals that the long
axes of clay flakes define an imbricate structure. The slip was due to a long-term periodical creep, which occurs during the
thaw seasons with an average slip rate of 0.16–0.32 μm/min. During the creep, the long axes of grains including clay flakes
in the slip zone are developed from parallel to perpendicular to the slip direction. The observed textures provide a clue
to elucidate the deformation textures and process in the decollement zone of the Nankai prism. 相似文献
2.
Quartz microstructures developed during non-steady state plastic flow at rapidly decaying stress and strain rate 总被引：7，自引：0，他引：7
Synseismic loading to very high stresses (>0.5 GPa) and subsequent creep during stress relaxation in the uppermost plastosphere at temperatures of ca. 300–350 °C, near the lower tip of an inferred once seismically active crustal scale fault, was proposed based on peculiar microstructures identified in rocks exposed over >100 km2 in the Sesia Zone, European Western Alps. Here we discuss the conspicuous and highly heterogeneous microstructural record of quartz in disseminated small-scale shear zones. Sub-basal deformation lamellae and arrays of elongate subgrains on the TEM-scale indicate an early stage of glide-controlled deformation at high stresses. Distributed brittle failure is indicated by healed microcracks. Very fine-grained recrystallised aggregates with a pronounced crystallographic preferred orientation reflect intense plastic flow by dislocation creep. Locally, a fine-grained foam microstructure indicates a final stage of static grain growth at low differential stress. For the previously inferred peak stresses of about 0.5 GPa and given temperatures, initial strain rates on the order of 10−10 s−1 are predicted by available flow laws for dislocation creep of quartz. We emphasise the importance of short-term non-steady state deformation in the uppermost plastosphere underlying seismically active upper crust. The related heterogeneous record of quartz is governed by the local stress history at constant temperature. 相似文献
3.
在江汉平原濒临长江北岸的洪湖及其周围的土壤中,分别取得沉积物柱状钻孔样品和土壤剖面样品,用偏光显微镜和电子显微镜观察了2.5kaBP以来形成的三种湖相粘土的微结构特征,并以此解释的其成因和沉积环境。0.9-2.5kaBP期间形成的青色粘土的典型微结构有：凝胶结构、细颗粒粒径和小孔隙、矿物颗粒低圆度和淡水中心冈硅藻等生物框架结构,主要是有机质胶体与粘土胶体相互作用形成的,此期间,河流带入湖泊的泥沙少,洪湖拥有一个开阔、稳定、浮游生物较多的淡水湖泊环境。0.45-1kaBP期间形成的黑色粘土的主要微结构类型有;凝胶结构、大的圆孔隙和植物纤维等生物框架结构,呈双峰分布的孔隙,它主要是由于维管束植物残体大量积累形成的,当时洪湖湖水变浅,大量挺水植物生长,湖泊已经沼泽化了。0.45kaBP以来形成的灰色粘土的微结构类型主要有：絮凝结构、较大的微孔隙和颗粒粒径、矿物颗粒较高的圆度等,物源主要来自河流带来的泥沙,当时河湖相通,河流入湖水沙量大。 相似文献
4.
A new method is introduced in this study to identify the microfabric (geometric arrangement of platelets) of cohesive soil
using standard X-ray diffractometer. Various sampling techniques are used to prepare the Kaolinite clay samples with different
microfabrics to assess the consistency and versatility of the proposed method. This method is based on identifying the presence
of basal and prism peaks from the X-ray diffraction pattern and corresponding relative intensity values. The present study
also demonstrates the conditions for which Scanning Electron Micrographs (SEM) are not capable of accurately identifying the
microfabric of cohesive soils. The method proposed in this study uses relative amplitudes of basal and prism peaks avoiding
difficult sample and surface preparation procedures, as used by previous researchers in their microfabric identification methods.
The proposed method is found to be a rapid and accurate method for identifying the microfabric of Kaolinite clay and should
prove to be valuable for routine implementation for studying structured natural clays. 相似文献
5.
Amer A. Al-Rawas 《Engineering Geology》1999,53(3-4):327-350
The factors controlling the expansive nature of the soils and rocks in Northern Oman were studied. Basic geotechnical data from over 40 sites were collected and using empirical relationships, swelling potentials were identified. A laboratory testing program was carried out using undisturbed samples from these swell pressures up to 3.5 MPa, and swell percent values up to 30 were measured. The clay minerals and cations of these samples were determined and Na-smectite was identified as being the main clay-mineral present. Microfabric studies showed generally dense clay matrices. However, these swelling materials exist as impersistent bands with non-swelling soils and rocks which makes prediction of the ground heave problematic. 相似文献
6.
Oedometric mechanical compaction tests were performed on brine-saturated synthetic samples consisting of silt-clay mixtures to study changes in microfabric and rock properties as a function of effective stress. The silt consisted of crushed quartz (∼100%) with grain size range between 4 and 40 μm, whereas the clay consisted of 81% kaolinite, 14% mica/illite and 5% microcline of grain size between 0.4 and 30 μm. Five sample pairs ranging in composition from pure silt to pure clay were compacted to 5 and 50 MPa effective stress respectively. SEM studies were carried out to investigate microfabric changes in the mechanically compacted silt-clay mixtures. The degree of alignment of the different minerals present (quartz, mica/illite and kaolinite) were computed by using an image analysis software. Experimental compaction have measured the changes in the rock properties such as porosity and velocity as a function of effective stress for different mixtures of clay and silt. Clay-rich samples showed a higher degree of mineral orientation and lower porosity compared to silt-dominated samples as a function of effective stress. Pure clay sample had 11% porosity at 50 MPa effective stress whereas the pure silt sample retained about 29% porosity at the same effective stress. The experiments showed that low porosity down to 11% is possible by mechanical compaction only. A systematic increase in strain was observed in the silt-clay mixtures with increasing clay content but the porosity values found for the 50:50 silt-clay mixture were lower than that of 25:75 silt-clay mixture. No preferential mineral orientation is expected before compaction owing to the high initial porosity suggesting that the final fabric is a direct result of the effective stress. Both P- and S-wave velocities increased in all silt-clay mixtures with increasing effective stress. The maximum P- and S-wave velocities were observed in the 25:75 silt-clay mixture whereas the minimum Vp and Vs were recorded in the pure silt mixture. At 50 MPa effective stress P- wave velocities as high as 3 km/s resulted from experimental mechanical compaction alone. The results show that fine-grained sediment porosity and velocity are dependent on microfabric, which in turn is a function of grain size distribution, particle shape, sediment composition and stress. At 5 MPa effective stress, quartz orientation increased as a function of the amount of clay indicating that clay facilitate rotation of angular quartz grains. Adding clay from 25% to 75% in the silt-clay mixtures at 50 MPa effective stress decreased the quartz alignment. The clay mineral orientation increased by increasing both the amount of clay and the effective stress, the mica/illite fabric alignment being systematically higher than that of kaolinite. Even small amount of silt (25%) added to pure clay reduced the degree of clay alignment significantly. This study demonstrates that experimental compaction of well characterized synthetic mudstones can be a useful tool to understand microfabric and rock properties of shallow natural mudstones where mechanical compaction is the dominant process. 相似文献
7.
Matthew H. Hulbert Richard H. Bennett Roy J. Baerwald Richard L. Long Kenneth J. Curry Ann L. Curry Maritza T. Abril 《Marine Georesources & Geotechnology》2002,20(4):255-274
The sediment at the interface immediately beneath the water column is distinct from deeper-lying sediments in its properties and, at least quantitatively, in the processes driving diagenesis. Progress in understanding the sediment-water interface can be based on consideration of fundamentals of biogeochemical particle / fluid interactions and on application of certain biological techniques especially suited to this challenging portion of the sediment column. This article reports results achieved by combining theoretical fundamentals and specialized experimental techniques in the study of the interface from selected depositional environments. For fine-grained and sandy deposits from fresh-water to coastal marine environments, the interface is characterized by exaggerated microrelief, great porosity, and significant biological alteration. Additional application of this research approach is poised to further our understanding of engineering, and acoustic and xenochemical responses of sedimentary materials, with special emphasis on the influence of the bio-organic phase of the interface upon its fabric and physical properties. 相似文献
8.
Matthew H. Hulbert Richard H. Bennett Roy J. Baerwald Richard L. Long Kenneth J. Curry Ann L. Curry 《Marine Georesources & Geotechnology》2013,31(4):255-274
The sediment at the interface immediately beneath the water column is distinct from deeper-lying sediments in its properties and, at least quantitatively, in the processes driving diagenesis. Progress in understanding the sediment-water interface can be based on consideration of fundamentals of biogeochemical particle / fluid interactions and on application of certain biological techniques especially suited to this challenging portion of the sediment column. This article reports results achieved by combining theoretical fundamentals and specialized experimental techniques in the study of the interface from selected depositional environments. For fine-grained and sandy deposits from fresh-water to coastal marine environments, the interface is characterized by exaggerated microrelief, great porosity, and significant biological alteration. Additional application of this research approach is poised to further our understanding of engineering, and acoustic and xenochemical responses of sedimentary materials, with special emphasis on the influence of the bio-organic phase of the interface upon its fabric and physical properties. 相似文献
9.
The present paper deals with the impact of shear deformation on the geometric arrangement of particles within the soil specimen,
which is termed as the microfabric of soil. A series of compression and extension lubricated end triaxial tests are performed
on cylindrical specimens of Kaolinite clay with two extreme microfabrics; dispersed and flocculated, which are obtained using
slurry consolidation technique. Flocculated microfabric has random orientation of particles within the soil mass having face-to-edge
particle contacts; however, dispersed microfabric has parallel orientation of particles containing face-to-face particle contacts.
When the specimen is subjected to large stress levels during its shear deformation, the particle orientation and the geometric
arrangement within the soil specimen gets affected due to the force acting on the clay platelets. The variation in microfabric
of soil before and after shear deformation process is evaluated by obtaining X-ray diffraction patterns of the clay specimen
at three different locations using standard X-ray diffractometer. The discussion includes an analysis of the orientation of
soil particles located at shear banding zones of the clay specimens, which may be useful for understanding the strain localization
development in clays. 相似文献
10.
雅鲁藏布江缝合带及藏南地区硅质岩微组构特征及其地质意义 总被引：10，自引：1，他引：10
在雅鲁藏布江缝合带及藏南地区产出红、绿、黑、褐等多色调的中生代硅质岩.石英是它们的主要矿物,但不同样品的石英晶体微形貌各有特征,X衍射和红外吸收光谱特征表现出细微差别.夏鲁和彭错林分别作为生物成因和热水成因硅质岩的代表,它们在矿物演化路径、石英晶体微形貌和集合体微结构存在差异,为利用微组构区分不同成因硅质岩提供了参考依据.在夏鲁硅质岩中生物化石残骸内存在方英石和玉髓,为反演生物成因硅质岩的矿物演变序列提供了很好的证据.硅质岩成岩过程中微组构演变和元素迁移具有良好的对应关系.石英在重结晶过程中对杂质元素的剔除作用是促使某些微量元素产生富集的重要机制.从微组构角度切入硅质岩研究是一种新的研究思路,它综合运用微区微束手段对硅质岩的微观组构特征进行测试,进而探讨微观组构信息所指示的地质意义.结果对探讨硅质岩的成因、演化和藏南地区硅质岩容矿型Au-Sb-Cs矿床的成矿机理具有重要的指导作用. 相似文献