Summary of the fossil record of pinnipeds of Japan, and comparisons with that from the eastern North Pacific     

Shigeo  Miyazah Hideo  Horkawa Naoki  Kohno Kiyoharu  Hirota Masaichi  Kimura Yoshkazu  Hasegawa Yukimitsu  Tomida Lawrence G.  Barnes Clayton E.  Ray 《Island Arc》1994,3(4):361-372

Abstract The fossil pinniped record of the North Pacific Ocean includes both Phocidae and Otariidae ( sensu lato ), extends from the Late Oligocene to the Late Pleistocene, is taxonomically diverse, and is constantly becoming more complete owing to additional important discoveries. The earliest and most diverse fossil pinnipeds in the North Pacific are otariids, the phocids not appearing until the latest Pliocene. The theoretical center of otariid pinniped evolutionary history has been considered by some to be in the eastern North Pacific. New materials from the western North Pacific, however, including representatives of the subfamilies Enaliarctinae, Imagotariinae, Odobeninae and Otariinae, indicate that pinniped evolutionary patterns were basin-wide phenomena, and that a more complete record undoubtedly would reveal numerous trans-Pacific distributions. This would be expected considering the distributions of living species. The paucity of fossil Phocidae and their absence from pre-Pliocene deposits are consistent with theories that the family primarily evolved outside the North Pacific.  相似文献   

鳍足类线粒体基因的选择压力比较及进化关系探讨     

申欣  田美  孟学平  程汉良  阎斌伦 《海洋学报》2014,36(6):87-93

鳍足类Pinnipeds是海洋哺乳动物的重要类群,现存种类包括海象科Odobenidae、海狮科Otariidae和海豹科Phocidae的所有物种。在海豹属Phoca中,atp8基因的Ka/Ks最高,仅为0.084 7(远小于1),因而海豹属所有线粒体蛋白质编码基因的选择压力均非常高。对于群海豹属Pusa,cox1、cox2和nad3基因的Ka/Ks均为0,表明在这3个基因中,所有的核苷酸的替换均为同义替换,没有出现氨基酸的改变。科内、属内基因变异位点的分析表明,nad5、nad4和nad2基因可以作为cox1和cob基因辅助的分子标记。线粒体基因组的系统发育结果,强烈支持食肉目所有12个科均为单系群,并且鳍足类(海狮科、海象科和海豹科)为食肉目Carnivora内部的一个单系群(BPM=100,BPP=100)。在鳍足类内部,海狮科与海象科亲缘关系最近,聚类为海狮总科Otarioidea,然后与海豹科聚类:(海狮科+海象科)+海豹科。在海豹科内部,线粒体基因组的证据支持将海豹科划分为2个亚科,即僧海豹亚科Monachinae和海豹亚科Phocinae。线粒体基因组的证据,强烈支持鼬科Mustelidae与浣熊科Procyonidae关系最近,臭鼬科Mephitidae与熊猫科Ailuridae近缘,同时,鳍足类与[(鼬科+浣熊科)+(臭鼬科+熊猫科)]为姊妹群,而与熊科Ursidae较远。犬科Canidae在犬型亚目Caniformia中分化较早,位于犬型亚目的基部。  相似文献