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This paper is part of a comprehensive review of the oceanography of the eastern tropical Pacific, the oceanic region centered on the eastern Pacific warm pool, but also including the equatorial cold tongue and equatorial current system, and summarizes what is known about oceanographic influences on seabirds and cetaceans there. The eastern tropical Pacific supports on the order of 50 species of seabirds and 30 species of cetaceans as regular residents; these include four endemic species, the world’s largest populations for several others, three endemic sub-species, and a multi-species community that is relatively unique to this ecosystem. Three of the meso-scale physical features of the region are particularly significant to seabirds and cetaceans: the Costa Rica Dome for blue whales and short-beaked common dolphins, the Equatorial Front for planktivorous seabirds, and the countercurrent thermocline ridge for flocking seabirds that associate with mixed-species schools of spotted and spinner dolphins and yellowfin tuna. A few qualitative studies of meso- to macro-scale distribution patterns have indicated that some seabirds and cetaceans have species-specific preferences for surface currents. More common are associations with distinct water masses; these relationships have been quantified for a number of species using several different analytical methods. The mechanisms underlying tropical species–habitat relationships are not well understood, in contrast to a number of higher-latitude systems. This may be due to the fact that physical variables have been used as proxies for prey abundance and distribution in species–habitat research in the eastern tropical Pacific.Though seasonal and interannual patterns tend to be complex, species–habitat relationships appear to remain relatively stable over time, and distribution patterns co-vary with patterns of preferred habitat for a number of species. The interactions between seasonal and interannual variation in oceanographic conditions with seasonal patterns in the biology of seabirds and cetaceans may account for some of the complexity in species–habitat relationship patterns.Little work has been done to investigate effects of El Niño-Southern Oscillation cycles on cetaceans, and results of the few studies focusing on oceanic seabirds are complex and not easy to interpret. Although much has been made of the detrimental effects of El Niño events on apex predators, more research is needed to understand the magnitude, and even direction, of these effects on seabirds and cetaceans in space and time. 相似文献
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Results of numerical simulation of currents in the western North Tropical Pacific Ocean by using a barotropic primitive equation model with fine horizontal resolution agreed well with observations and showed that the Mindanao Cyclonic Eddy located north of the equator and east of Mindanao Island exists during most of the year with monthly (and large seasonal) variations in scope . strength and central location . In June , an anticyclonic eddy occurs northeast of Halmahera Island, strengthens to maximum in August , exists until October and then disappears . The observed large-scale circulation systems such as the North Equatorial Current . the Mindanao Current and the North Equatorial Countercurrent are all very well reproduced in the simulations. 相似文献
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2008年深圳洪涝灾害的气候背景和环流条件 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：1
用NCC/CMA资料分析了2008年6月深圳降水异常事件的成因,结果认为:2007年7月—2008年2月赤道西太平洋海表温度异常偏低、2008年前冬今春青藏高原积雪面积偏大是深圳异常降水事件的前期气候背景;2008年6月东亚阻塞高压的异常强大及乌拉尔山长波槽的异常加深发展,促进了经向环流异常增强;偏强的冷空气以阶梯槽的形式频繁入侵华南,为深圳异常降水事件提供了动力条件。副高西段较常年偏南,西伸脊点偏东;强劲的季风潮为深圳地区输送了巨大的水汽和热量;冷暖空气在华南地区的频繁交汇与维持是深圳异常降水事件的主要成因。上述多种因素的异常共同导致了深圳异常降水事件的发生。 相似文献
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根据对卫星观测的海平面高度资料的分析,进一步证实了在北太平洋副热带两支向东的流（副热带逆流和夏威夷背风逆流）所在的区域内,海平面高度的70～210天周期振荡是主要的低频变化.发现在这两支向东的逆流区Rossby波的特性不同：副热带逆流区70～210天周期振荡对应的Rossby波西传过程中增幅,在台湾以东振幅达到最大;而在夏威夷背风逆流区,70～210天周期Rossby波在西传过程中不出现增幅现象.依据25层海洋模式得到的关于Rossby波振幅、频率与海洋层结之间的关系,揭示了周期为70～210天的Rossby波为不稳定波,这是由于副热带逆流海域模态水存在使得密度的垂直梯度变小的缘故;而在夏威夷背风逆流区位于表层逆流下的北赤道流西深东浅,70～210天周期Rossby长波在逆流的东部有可能不稳定,但其在逆流的西部是稳定的,因此不出现在西传过程中增幅现象;发现在北太平洋副热带两个向东流的海域,年周期Rossby波是稳定的,因此,在该海域海平面周期为70～210天的振荡的振幅要比年周期振荡的振幅大. 相似文献
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亚热带山区泥石流的形成过程 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
本文应用地貌学、水文学等方法进行了泥石流源地分类,阐述了各类源地泥石流形成过程,分析了各类源地的地貌演变对泥石流形成过程的影响。 相似文献
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根据137°E断面1967～1995年冬、夏季的温、盐资料,计算和分析该断面的地转流;分析144°E断面上投放卫星跟踪漂流浮标的漂移轨迹;结合CSK图集中的海面重力势分布,对副热带逆流、北赤道流和北赤道逆流几个特征的相同点和不同点进行比较,得出若干有益的结论:(1)副热带逆流、北赤道流、北赤道逆流,并不是单纯的单支海流,而是存在着两支或多支现象;(2)流速结构的带状分布,东、西向流相互交错间隔出现,流层较浅,均为表层流或近表层流;(3)多年平均而言,3支海流的流速以北赤道逆流最强,北赤道流次之,副热带逆流最弱;流量则不同,北赤道流最大,副热带逆流最小,北赤道逆流居中.3支海流的流速夏季均大于冬季,但流量稍有差异:副热带逆流和北赤道流均具有夏强、冬弱的特点,而北赤道逆流为冬强、夏弱;(4)冬季,副热带逆流的"源地",位于巴士海峡和台湾以东"副热带脊"的一个"暖脊"中心附近海域;(5)冬季,卫星跟踪漂流浮标的漂移轨迹,基本上反映出北赤道流和北赤道逆流的路径.但因副热带逆流区为涡旋频繁区,致使浮标漂移轨迹难以反映出副热带逆流的路径. 相似文献
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137°E经向断面上的副热带逆流 总被引：7，自引：0，他引：7
根据137°E断面1967～1995年间冬、夏两季的温、盐资料,计算和分析了该断面的地转流和副热带逆流.主要结果如下:(1)副热带逆流在冬季和夏季均存在.冬季,副热带逆流出现1支、2支、3支、4支4种形式,夏季出现2支、3支两种形式,两季均以2支形式占优势.(2)冬季副热带逆流主要出现在22°～23°N、26°～27°N两区间;夏季主要出现在21°～22°N、24°～25°N两区间.(3)副热带逆流的流速呈带状结构,多为单束单核,个别为单束双核形式.流速具有更强,冬弱的特点.(4)副热带逆流的流量年际差异较大,多年平均而言,冬季流量为14.3×106m3/s,夏季的为22.9×106m3/s.(5)冬季,副热带逆流的“源地”与黑潮“源地”同为一体.前者是台湾省以东黑潮东侧海流的一个分支,并沿着暖脊、冷槽边缘而东流. 相似文献
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6月西太平洋副高脊线的年际变化及其对华南降水的影响 总被引：23，自引：11，他引：23
用１９５１－１９９１年６月份５００ｈＰａ位势高度资料取得了西太平洋副热带高压脊线位置资料序列，分析了脊线位置的变化。分析结果发现副高脊线位置与５００ｈＰａ位势高度场、海面温度等关系密切。脊线位置具有显著的３２年、５．３年、３．２年和２．３年振荡周期。６月份副高脊线偏北（南）华南降水偏少（多）。 相似文献