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1.
On the nutations of a more realistic earth model 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
V. Dehant 《Geophysical Journal International》1990,100(3):477-483
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Although there has been significant progress in the seismic imaging of mantle heterogeneity,the outstanding issue that remains to be resolved is the unknown distribution of mantle temperature anomalies in the distant geological past that give rise to the present-day anomalies inferred by global tomography models.To address this question,we present 3-D convection models in compressible and self-gravitating mantle initialised by different hypothetical temperature patterns.A notable feature of our forward convection modelling is the use of self-consistent coupling of the motion of surface tectonic plates to the underlying mantle flow,without imposing prescribed surface velocities(i.e.,plate-like boundary condition).As an approximation for the surface mechanical conditions before plate tectonics began to operate we employ the no-slip(rigid) boundary condition.A rigid boundary condition demonstrates that the initial thermally-dominated structure is preserved,and its geographical location is fixed during the evolution of mantle flow.Considering the impact of different assumed surface boundary conditions(rigid and plate-like) on the evolution of thermal heterogeneity in the mantle we suggest that the intrinsic buoyancy of seven superplumes is most-likely resolved in the tomographic images of present-day mantle thermal structure.Our convection simulations with a plate-like boundary condition reveal that the evolution of an initial cold anomaly beneath the Java-Indonesian trench system yields a long-term,stable pattern of thermal heterogeneity in the lowermost mantle that resembles the presentday Large Low Shear Velocity Provinces(LLSVPs),especially below the Pacific.The evolution of subduction zones may be,however,influenced by the mantle-wide flow driven by deeply-rooted and longlived superplumes since Archean times.These convection models also detect the intrinsic buoyancy of the Perm Anomaly that has been identified as a unique slow feature distinct from the two principal LLSVPs.We find there is no need for dense chemical ’piles’ in the lower mantle to generate a stable distribution of temperature anomalies that are correlated to the LLSVPs and the Perm Anomaly.Our tomography-based convection simulations also demonstrate that intraplate volcanism in the south-east Pacific may be interpreted in terms of shallow small-scale convection triggered by a superplume beneath the East Pacific Rise. 相似文献
3.
We measure the 2-1 cumulant correlator power spectrum, a degenerate three-point statistic or integrated bispectrum, from the WMAP first and three year data releases (WMAP1 and WMAP2, respectively). We present a method of estimating these statistics using the pseudo-Cl-based SpICE estimator. We interpret the measurements in a maximum likelihood framework using theoretical predictions based on the simplest fNL model. All calculations are repeated on Monte Carlo simulations to obtain covariance matrices of our measurements. Application of the theory of random matrices revealed that the experimental covariances are consistent with a random matrix approximation. Finally, our χ2 analysis yields fNL = 22 ± 52(1σ) from WMAP2. 相似文献
4.
Using a Love number formalism, the elastic deformations of the mantle and the mass redistribution gravitational potential within the Earth induced by the fluid pressure acting at the core–mantle boundary (CMB) are computed. This pressure field changes at a decadal time scale and may be estimated from observations of the surface magnetic field and its secular variation. First, using a spherical harmonic expansion, the poloidal and toroidal part of the fluid velocity field at the CMB for the last 40 years is computed, under the hypothesis of tangential geostrophy. Then the associated geostrophic pressure, whose order of magnitude is about 1000 Pa, is computed. The surface topography induced by this pressure field is computed using Love numbers, and is a few millimetres. The mass redistribution gravitational potential induced by these deformations and, in particular, the zonal components of the related surface gravitational potential perturbation (J2, J3 and J4 coefficients), are calculated. Overall perturbations for the J2 coefficient of about 10–10, for J3 of about 10–11 and for J4 are found of about 0.3×10–11. Finally, these theoretical results are compared with recent observations of the decadal variation of J2 from satellite laser ranging. Results concerning J2 can be described as follows: first, they are one order of magnitude too small to explain the observed decadal variation of J2 and, second, they show a significant linear trend over the last 40 years, whose rate of decrease amounts to 7% of the observed value. 相似文献
5.
南京市PM2.5物理化学特性及来源解析 总被引：7，自引：0，他引：7
在夏、冬两季,分别在南京市4个站点进行为期7天的气溶胶PM2.5采样,同步采集并分离主要排放源的PM2.5样品,用X射线荧光光谱仪(XRF)分析得到气样及源样中PM2.5的化学成分,对南京市PM2.5的物理化学特性、富集因子进行了分析,并应用化学质量平衡法(CMB)计算各类源对气溶胶PM2.5的贡献。结果表明,南京市PM2.5的夏、冬平均值分别为69.1、139.5μg.m-3,PM2.5/PM10的全年平均值为63.9%;富集成分中,S、As、Zn、Pb等主要来源于人为污染源,Na则主要来源于海洋。来源解析的结果表明,各类污染源对南京市气溶胶PM2.5的贡献率分别为:扬尘37.28%、煤烟尘30.34%、硫酸盐9.87%、建筑尘7.95%、汽车尘2.98%、冶炼尘2.57%、其他源9.01%。作者还对扬尘中的PM2.5进行了来源解析。 相似文献
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7.
地球固态内核的平动振荡是地球的基本简正模之一,又称Slichter模,其本征周期大约为几个小时,与地球内部结构密切相关.为了研究影响内核平动振荡的本征周期与内部结构的依赖关系,本文利用球对称、非自转、弹性和各向同性地球模型（SNREI）,通过自由振荡运动方程的数值积分,以地球模型PREM为基础,理论上系统研究了地球内部介质（包括密度、地震波速等）分布异常对Slichter模本征周期的影响.数值结果表明,Slichter模周期随着内外核边界（ICB）密度差的增加以类似于双曲线的特征显著减小,当ICB密度差从597 kg·m-3减小到200 kg·m-3时,周期增大66.44%,当ICB密度差从597 kg·m-3增大到1000 kg·m-3时,周期减小21.48%;Slichter模周期随着核幔边界（CMB）密度差的增大而缓慢增大;相对于PREM,地球模型1066A在ICB和CMB的密度差分别相差45.321%和1.132%,内部地震波速度和密度梯度也存在差异,但是,当密度差减小到1066A模型提供的数值时,得到的Slichter模周期与基于1066A获得的结果（4.599 h）非常接近,差异分别只有3.762%和0.037%;表明Slichter模本征周期与地球内部介质的精细结构关系不大,而对ICB的密度差非常敏感.内、外核P波波速分布异常对Slichter模周期的影响基本相当,当内核和外核P波波速均增加5%时,Slichter周期分别减小1.02%和1.69%,P波波速分别减小5%时,Slichter模周期分别增加1.27%和1.847%,内核S波波速分布异常比P波波速分布异常对Slichter模周期的影响小1个量级;与地核相比,地幔中的地震波速异常对Slichter模本征周期的影响小1~2个量级;表明地核中地震波速异常对Slichter模周期的影响很小,目前有关Slichter模周期理论计算的差异主要来自于所采用的地球模型中内核边界的密度差的差异,本文结果可以为Slichter模的研究、探测及其对地球深内部结构的约束提供理论依据. 相似文献
8.
We have calculated the intensities of the subordinate hydrogen lines formed during the recombination epoch at redshifts 800?z?1600. We show that an allowance for the angular momentum splitting of hydrogen atomic energy levels and the dipole transition selection rules can reveal absorption features in the cosmic microwave background recombination spectrum in the submillimeter wavelength range. 相似文献
9.
Constraints on rigid zones and other distinct layers at the top of the outer core using CMB underside reflected PKKP waves 
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下载免费PDF全文 Clear PKKP, a P wave reflects off the core-mantle boundary on the core side, is recorded by the transcontinental USArray from two deep earthquakes occurred in South America and Tonga, and one intermediate-depth earthquake in the Hindu Kush region. We compare the PKKP waveforms with the direct P waves to investigate the fine structures near the core-mantle boundary, with a primary focus on the core side. We find no evidence for the existence of a sedimentary layer of lighter elements with a thickness above a few hundreds of meters beneath the reflection points of the two deep events, which are located at the Ninety-East Ridge and South Africa. On the other hand the PKKP wave duration of the Hindu Kush event is almost twice as long as that of the P wave, suggesting that multiple reflections may be occurring at the core-mantle boundary located beneath the Antarctic, which is located inside the so-called tangent cylinder of the outer core. The tangent cylinder is an imaginary cylindrical region suggested by geodynamics studies, which has different flow pattern and may have a higher concentration in lighter elements as compared to the rest of the outer core. One possible explanation of the elongated PKKP is a thin distinct layer with a thickness of a few kilometers at the top of the outer core, suggesting that precipitation of lighter elements may occur at the core-mantle boundary. Our data also indicate an extremely low QP of 312, approximately 40% of the PREM average (~780), within the large-scale low-velocity anomaly in the lowermost mantle beneath Pacific. 相似文献
10.
海山是一个地貌术语,通常分为出露于海平面以上和淹没于以下的两类。海山具有复杂的成因,可产于各种不同的构造环境,其出露的岩性主要有：洋岛玄武岩（OIB）、大洋中脊玄武岩（MORB）、弧后盆地玄武岩（BABB）、岛弧玄武岩（IAB）和大陆边缘玄武岩（CMB）等。本文的研究表明,CMB 和OIB 的地球化学性质大体相似,但是,二者的成因可能既有相似性,也存在某些差异性。OIB 产于板块内部,属于板内岩浆活动的产物,通常认为与“热点”或“地幔柱”有关;而CMB 则可能是古大陆岩石圈与年轻洋壳发生浅部再循环的结果。所以,除“热点”理论外,古大陆岩石圈和年轻洋壳的浅部再循环在海山和洋岛火山形成过程中也扮演了重要的角色。来自IAB 的样品明显亏损Nb、Ta和富集K、Pb、Cs、Rb等大离子亲石元素,表明IAB 的形成与俯冲作用有关。研究表明,全球可能存在3 种类型的热点：第一类是原生的热点,来自深部地幔;第二类是次生的热点,可能形成在地幔柱的浅部,来自超级地幔柱的上部;第三类来自上地幔,可能是大洋岩石圈伸展的产物。因此,海山的成因不可能用地幔柱一种模式予以解释,还应当考虑板块活动中其他各种因素（洋壳再循环、古老陆壳再循环、消减带物质以及水的加入,部分熔融程度、岩浆混合作用、不同地幔端元混合等）的影响。 相似文献