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The plasmasphere sandwiched between the ionosphere and the outer magnetosphere is populated by up flow of ionospheric cold (∼1 eV) and dense plasma along geomagnetic field lines. Recent observations from various instruments onboard IMAGE and CLUSTER spacecrafts have made significant advances in our understanding of plasma density irregularities, plume formation, erosion and refilling of the plasmasphere, presence of thermal structures in the plasmasphere and existence of radiation belts. Still modeling work and more observational data are required for clear understanding of plasmapause formation, existence of various sizes and shapes of density structures inside the plasmasphere as well as on the surface of the plasmapause, plasmasphere filling and erosion processes; which are important in understanding the relation of the process proceeding in the Sun and solar wind to the processes observed in the Earth's atmosphere and ionosphere. 相似文献
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Jamesina J. Simpson 《Surveys in Geophysics》2009,30(2):105-130
Advances in computing technologies in recent decades have provided a means of generating and performing highly sophisticated
computational simulations of electromagnetic phenomena. In particular, just after the turn of the twenty-first century, improvements
to computing infrastructures provided for the first time the opportunity to conduct advanced, high-resolution three-dimensional
full-vector Maxwell’s equations investigations of electromagnetic propagation throughout the global Earth-ionosphere spherical
volume. These models, based on the finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) method, are capable of including such details as
the Earth’s topography and bathymetry, as well as arbitrary horizontal/vertical geometrical and electrical inhomogeneities
and anisotropies of the ionosphere, lithosphere, and oceans. Studies at this level of detail simply are not achievable using
analytical methods. The goal of this paper is to provide an historical overview and future prospectus of global FDTD computational
research for both natural and man-made electromagnetic phenomena around the world. Current and future applications of global
FDTD models relating to lightning sources and radiation, Schumann resonances, hypothesized earthquake precursors, remote sensing,
and space weather are discussed.
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| Jamesina J. SimpsonEmail: |
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P. H. Stoker 《Astrophysics and Space Science》1995,230(1-2):405-413
The absorption of cosmic radio noise passing through the ionosphere may be described as a function of radio wave frequencyA(f
e
) f
e
-n
, with n 2.0 for spatially uniform precipitation of electrons and n < 2.0 for spatially nonuniform precipitation. Using multifrequency riometer recordings at SANAE, the following observations are reviewed: (1) The frequency distribution of the power index, n, obtained from 4 min averaged absorptions during 1983, shows a most probable value around n 1.5, indicating that mostly energetic electrons are precipitated spatially structured onto the upper atmosphere, as in optical aurora. (2) Multifrequency riometer recordings suggest that field-aligned ionospheric irregularities have scattered additional cosmic radio waves from the central region of the Galaxy into the fields of views of the riometer antennae during an auroral absorption event in the early morning hours of 27 July, 1982. With the power reflectivity by ionospheric irregularities inversely proportional to the fourth power of radio wave frequency, as required by the Bragg condition, an estimated 70% increase in the 20 MHz radio flux at 01:22 UT, at the strong absorption peak, can explain the strongly reduced absorption observed in 20 MHz relative to 30 and 51.4 MHz. (3) Gradual increases in absorptions observed at all three riometer frequencies from onset at 11:50 UT of the largest solar proton ground level enhancement on 29 September, 1989, until 18:00 UT, suggest diffusion of the much more intense low energy protons from the polar cap to the L=4.0 geomagnetic field shell and subsequent precipitation at SANAE due to the South Atlantic Geomagnetic Anomaly. (4) The flux of electron energy deposited per second at SANAE is closely related to geomagnetic activity, but has a lower maximum during the years 1971 and 1980 of solar polar magnetic reversals than in the years 1976 and 1986/87 of minimum solar activity. (5) A significant correlation has been found between the arrival of single-hop whistlers and 30 MHz riometer absorption events, using point statistics. The maximum absorption at 30 MHz was 0.04 dB with a delay of 3 ± 2 s relative to the whistler. 相似文献
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一、引言 对于探测深度大于几十米的地下的电波传播理论研究,从电磁感应的原理出发是最方便的.由于有了无噪声情况下地电反演的唯一性定理,从地面通过测量天然宽频带电场和磁场探测地下较细微的电性结构并不是不可能的.现行的地下电磁探测的主要问题之一是需要提高分辨力.一种可能的思路是试图将以前测不到的弱信息测出来.利用精密电子技术,先将微弱信息与强信息分离,再通过信号检测技术（例如多次叠加）将弱信息从各种干扰噪声中提取出来.在地电探测领域,关键之一是要解决弱信息与强信息分离的方法.本文就是探索分离水平电场中各层次信息的方法.假如水平磁场也同时测量,并也采用本文的方案进行处理,则可能得到改进的大地电磁法. 二、输入阻抗模值的模拟反演公式 弱信息与强信息的分离,相当于用模拟电路完成通常用数字处理完成的反演处理,因而需要简易的反演公式.只测电场的反演需要输入阻抗模值的简易反演公式,这里只给出结果,推导见文献1). 类似于地震学中的Goupilloud方法,可以建立起一种导电介质反演的理论公式,在这些公式基础上,可以推导出输入阻抗模值的反演的倒谱公式,从倒谱公式出发便得到适合于模拟反演的公式. 设地面所测输入阻抗为 ρ（ω）=Ex（ω,0）/Hy（ω,0）,（1） 第一层波阻抗为 ρ1（ω）=( 相似文献
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