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During the manufacturing of chromate salts (1972–1992) large quantities of Chromite Ore Processing Residue (COPR) were released
into a decantation pond east of the former chemical plant of Porto-Romano (Durres, Albania), giving rise to yellow colored
pond sediments. These Cr(VI) bearing sediments were deposited upon Quaternary silty-clay lagoonal sediments rich in iron oxides
and organic matter. The pH values in these lagoonal sediments vary around 6.6, while in the pond sediments, it is mainly acidic
(due to the presence of the sulfur stock piles in the area and the release of the H2SO4 from the activity of the former chemical plant), varying between 1.4 and 3.8. Continuous leaching of the COPR waste resulted
in yellow-colored surface water runoff. The prediction of pH changes in the different types of sediments based upon acid/base
neutralizing capacity (ANC/BNC) jointly with the quantitative data on release of heavy metals and especially Cr is considered
an important advantage of the pHstat leaching test if compared to conventional leaching procedures. Thus, factors controlling the leaching of Cr(VI), Cr(III),
Ca, Al, Fe, Mg from the COPR were investigated by means of pHstat batch leaching tests and mineralogical analysis. Moreover, mathematical and geochemical modeling complemented the study.
The COPR in the area contain very high concentrations of chromium 24,409 mg/kg, which mainly occurs as Cr(III) (75–90%) as
well as Cr(VI) (25–10%). The leaching of Cr(VI) occurs in all the range (2–10) of the tested pH values, however, it decreases
under acidic conditions. Beside some reduction of Cr(VI) to Cr(III), the Cr(VI) content of the leachtes remains relatively
high in the acidic environment, while the limning of Cr(VI) pond sediments will increase the release of the latter specie.
The leaching of the Cr(III) occurs strictly under acidic conditions, whereby limning of these sediments will give rise to
the lower solubility of Cr(III). The key mineral phases responsible for the fast release of the Cr(VI) are: the chromate salts
(i.e. sodium chromate and sodium dichromate), while sparingly soluble chromatite (CaCrO4) and hashemite (BaCrO4) release Cr(VI) very slowly. Thus, pH and mineral solubility have been identified as key factors in the retention and the
release of the hexavalent CrO4
2− and Cr2O7
− from the COPR-rich pond sediments. 相似文献
2.
介绍了目前国际全球定位系统服务（IGS）组织提供的实时精密轨道和精密钟差改正系数（ROCC）的基本参数以及能够进行实时精密单点定位软件（BNC）（即BKG Ntrip Client,由BKG开发的一款用于实时同步接收、解码及转换的GNSS数据流管理软件）。选取了25个全球IGS跟踪站,并基于BNC软件分析了IGS提供的15种ROCC产品对测站实时精密单点定位精度与收敛性的影响。实验结果表明：采用BNC软件,15种ROCC产品均能在平均15min的时间收敛,并且在N、E方向达到6～8cm,U方向10～20cm的定位精度;且不同ROCC产品其收敛时间和定位精度都存在一定的差异。 相似文献
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为综合评估目前应用广泛的3款GNSS开源软件BNC、RTKLIB和PPPWIZARD的RTPPP服务性能,均匀选取9个全球IGS-MGEX观测站实时GPS、GLONASS、Galileo三系统数据,对比分析3款软件接收数据流的完整率,并评估不同软件的收敛速度、定位精度和数据有效率。结果显示：1）3款软件的实时数据完整率基本都保持在96%以上,但相比较而言PPPWIZARD软件实时数据的完整率最优,BNC次之,RTKLIB相对较差;2）三系统中BNC、RTKLIB和PPPWIZARD软件分别在14 min、82 min和12 min左右收敛至三维点位精度优于0.5 m;3）在实时定位精度方面,BNC、RTKLIB和PPPWIZARD软件在水平和高程方向定位精度依次为9 cm和12 cm、16 cm和20 cm、7 cm和12 cm,其中PPPWIZARD软件采用了模糊度固定解;4）3款软件在数据有效率指标上存在差别,其中BNC和PPPWIZARD软件数据的有效率均达到95%,RTKLIB软件低于73%。总体而言,BNC与PPPWIZARD软件的实时PPP服务性能指标基本相当,RTKLIB软件稍差。 相似文献
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