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1.
测量数据可视化技术研究 总被引：3，自引：2，他引：1
介绍可视化的基本原理,阐述中视化研究的必要性,探讨测量数据可视化的技术手段,给出了可视化技术在工作形变监测及工业测量中应用情景,提出一些结论和建议。 相似文献
2.
Analysis of soil and sediment samples, using selective extraction methods to distinguish different phases, is of particular interest in exploration geochemistry to locate deeply buried mineral deposits. There are various mechanisms of binding labile elements in the secondary environment, including physical and chemical sorption, precipitation, chelation and complexation. Phases present in soils and sediments which are likely to scavenge ‘free' elements include amorphous Mn and Fe oxides, the humic and fulvic components of humus, and clays. This paper reviews these forms of trace elements and the methods in current use to quantify them. Examples of precision data, both for control and survey samples, are given with respect to trace elements dissolved from the ‘soluble organic' component of humus, Mn oxides and amorphous Fe oxides. The high sensitivity of inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP–MS) is required to measure accurately and precisely a large suite of trace elements, especially where only small fractions of elements are dissolved by such leaches as the commercially available Enzyme and MMI (Mobile Metal Ion) extractions. The relative standard deviations (RSD) obtained for 33 elements (e.g. Ag, Cd, In, I) in the standard reference sample (SRM), TILL-2, are in the range 0.5–8% for the hydroxylamine hydrochloride (NH2OH·HCl) leach designed to extract hydrous Fe and Mn oxides. The corresponding RSDs for elements in the reactive Mn oxide phase extracted by the Enzyme leach are in the range 3–19% except for some trace elements at levels close to detection limit (e.g. Cd, Bi). The RSDs obtained for field duplicates are inferior to those for analytical replicates (i.e. sample splits), probably a reflection of different concentrations of the host phase. In one soil survey, the Fe extracted by a 0.25 M NH2OH·HCl leach ranged conservatively from 0.2 to 1.7% whereas the Mn extracted by the Enzyme leach varied extensively, from 0.3 to >999 ppm. In contrast, precision, at 1–7% RSD, for field duplicates was found to be comparable with that for both analytical duplicates and the SRM, LKSD-4, for elements associated with the humic and fulvic component of humus samples sieved to <177 μm. 相似文献
3.
According to the connotation and structure of science and technology resources and some relevant data of more than 286 cities at prefecture level and above during 2001–2010, using modified method—Data Envelopment Analysis(DEA), science and technology(ST) resource allocation efficiency of different cities in different periods has been figured out, which, uncovers the distributional difference and change law of ST resource allocation efficiency from the time-space dimension. Based on that, this paper has analyzed and discussed the spatial distribution pattern and evolution trend of ST resource allocation efficiency in different cities by virtue of the Exploratory Spatial Data Analysis(ESDA). It turned out that:(1) the average of ST resource allocation efficiency in cities at prefecture level and above has always stayed at low levels, moreover, with repeated fluctuations between high and low, which shows a decreasing trend year by year. Besides, the gap between the East and the West is widening.(2) The asymmetrical distribution of ST resource allocation efficiency presents a spatial pattern of successively decreasing from Eastern China, Central China to Western China. The cities whose ST resource allocation efficiency are at higher level and high level take on a cluster distribution, which fits well with the 23 forming urban agglomerations in China.(3) The coupling degree between ST resource allocation efficiency and economic environment assumes a certain positive correlation, but not completely the same. The differentiation of ST resource allocation efficiency is common in regional development, whose existence and evolution are directly or indirectly influenced by and regarded as the reflection of many elements, such as geographical location, the natural endowment and environment of ST resources and so on.(4) In the perspective of the evolution of spatial structure, ST resource allocation efficiency of the cities at prefecture level and above shows a notable spatial autocorrelation, which in every period presents a positive correlation. The spatial distribution of ST resource allocation efficiency in neighboring cities seems to be similar in group, which tends to escalate stepwise. Meanwhile, the whole differentiation of geographical space has a diminishing tendency.(5) Viewed from LISA agglomeration map ofST resource allocation efficiency in different periods, four agglomeration types have changed differently in spatial location and the range of spatial agglomeration. And the continuity of ST resource allocation efficiency in geographical space is gradually increasing. 相似文献
4.
ROBERT R.MEGLEN Department of Chemistry Laboratory for Chemometrics University of Colorado at Denver PO Box Denver CO - U.S.A. 《地理学报(英文版)》1991,(3)
Principal component analysis is used to examine large multivariate databases.The graphical approachto exploratory data analysis is described and illustrated with a single example of chemical compositiondata obtained on environmental dust particles.While the graphical approach to exploratory data analysishas certain advantages over the numerical procedures,the empirical approach described here should beviewed as complementary to the more robust treatments that statistical methodologies afford. 相似文献
5.
城市基础设施效率研究是科学评价基础设施发展质量的重要环节。在构建城市基础设施投入效率评价指标体系的基础上,借助MaxDEA软件,运用DEA模型,对2006—2016年中国地级以上城市基础设施投入产出效率进行测度和分解,探究其时空演变特征,并通过ESDA方法分析其空间关联格局。研究结果显示：① 中国城市基础设施的总体投入产出效率整体水平不高,但呈现增长趋势,并且高效率等级城市也在均速增加,逐渐改变以规模投资为主,技术效率缓速提高。② 空间分布特征鲜明,大致呈现东高-中低-西高的分布格局,具有多数分散,小部分集中的特点。③ 城市基础设施投入效率空间关联集聚范围出现了位移,热点分布与其空间分布基本一致。 相似文献
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7.
Vertical migration of elements from mineral deposits 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
There is currently widespread interest in the exploration community worldwide in the development of methods to locate deeply buried mineralisation. In the application of geochemical methods, some success has been achieved using the selective extraction of mobile and weakly bonded forms of elements (MWBE) in overburden. Studies in Russia commenced in the 1960s, and have continued in Russia and in other countries to the present time. This paper presents some examples of experimental and applied research carried out in Russia, specifically by members of VITR and then VIRG NPO Rudgeofizika (St. Petersburg). In particular, some characteristics of MWBE anomalies and rates of MWBE migration are illustrated, with reference to several case studies in geochemical exploration for base metal and precious metal deposits. 相似文献
8.
A study of the pattern of dissolution of synthetic and natural Fe oxides in 6 M HCl indicates that the rate of element release from synthetic Fe oxides is strongly influenced by mineralogy and the level of element incorporation. Synthetic maghemite (γ-Fe2O3) samples are subject to much more rapid dissolution than goethite (FeOOH) and hematite (α-Fe2O3). In samples dominated by hematite and maghemite, Cu, Zn and particularly Pb, in comparison to Fe, are preferentially released during the early stages of dissolution. Similar patterns are apparent from the dissolution of hematite- and maghemite-dominated samples derived from natural gossan. Comparison of XRD scans with data from the dissolution of natural gossan samples transformed by incremental heating to hematite- and maghemite-dominated assemblages suggests that the degree of crystallinity may also be a significant factor in the release of elements incorporated in the Fe oxides. Ferruginous materials made up of varying proportions of goethite, hematite, maghemite, kaolinite and quartz are important sampling materials in a range of regolith environments. These are products of complex chemical and mechanical mobilization over long periods of geological time. If the patterns of Fe oxide dissolution in 6 M HCl and the release of incorporated metals reflect stability in such weathering regimes, knowledge of the retention characteristics of incorporated metals in different Fe oxide phases, as indicated by this study, will be useful in the planning and interpretation of geochemical surveys in such regions. 相似文献
9.
Electrogeochemical sampling with
Reinhard W. Leinz Donald B. Hoover David L. Fey David B. Smith Thaxson Patterson 《Journal of Geochemical Exploration》1998,61(1-3)
Electrogeochemical extraction methods are based on the migration of ions in an electric field. Ions present in soil moisture are transported by an applied current into fluids contained in special electrodes placed on the soil. The fluids are then collected and analyzed. Extractions are governed by Faraday's and Ohm's laws and are modeled by the operation of a simple Hittorf transference apparatus. Calculations show that the volume of soil sampled in an ideal electrogeochemical extraction can be orders of magnitude greater than the volumes used in more popular geochemical extraction methods, although this has not been verified experimentally.
is a method of in-situ electrogeochemical extraction that was developed in the former Soviet Union and has been tested and applied internationally to exploration for buried mineral deposits. Tests carried out at the United States Geological Survey (
) indicated that there were problems inherent in the use of
technology. The cause of the problems was determined to be the diffusion of acid from the conventional electrode into the soil. The
electrode incorporates two compartments and a salt bridge in a design that inhibits diffusion of acid and enables the collection of anions or cations. Tests over a gold-enriched vein in Colorado and over buried, Carlin-type, disseminated gold deposits in northern Nevada show that there are similarities and differences between
results and those by partial extractions of soils which include simple extractions with water, dilute acids and solutions of salts used as collector fluids in the electrodes. Results of both differ from the results obtained by total chemical digestion. The results indicate that
responds to mineralized faults associated with disseminated gold deposits whereas partial and total chemical extraction methods do not. This suggests that faults are favored channels for the upward migration of metals and that
may be more effective in exploration for the deposits. It defines anomalies that are often narrow and intense, an observation previously made by
researchers. The field tests show that
is less affected by surface contamination. A test over the Mike disseminated gold deposit indicates that the method may not be effective for locating deposits with impermeable cover. Faradaic extraction efficiencies of 20–30%, or more, are frequently achieved with
and the method generally shows good reproducibility, especially in extraction of major cations. However, ions of other metals that are useful in exploration, including Au and As, may be collected in low and temporally variable concentrations. The reason for this variability is unclear and requires further investigation. 相似文献
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10.
Enzyme leach anomalies associated with deep Mississippi Valley-type zinc ore bodies at the Elmwood Mine, Tennessee 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
James R. Yeager J. Robert Clark Wallace Mitchell Roy Renshaw 《Journal of Geochemical Exploration》1998,61(1-3)
Deeply buried Mississippi Valley-type deposits that have been or are currently being mined in North America were initially discovered by drilling. Conventional geochemical methods are ineffective for detecting these ‘blind' deposits when they occur deep within sequences of stable-platform carbonates and shales. The ‘enzyme' leach is a selective analytical technique for determining trace elements associated with amorphous Mn oxide coatings in soils. In many areas of the world, the enzyme leach method is useful for detecting low-level geochemical anomalies in soils, which are associated with blind mineral deposits. Enzyme leach analysis of soils, collected at the Elmwood Mine, Tennessee, revealed high-contrast anomalies over ore bodies 370 m below the surface. In areas where the soils are in chemical equilibrium, ‘combination' anomalies occur over Zn ore bodies. These are characterized by asymmetrical halogen halos which occur around a halogen ‘central low'. Commodity metals (Zn and Pb) and trace elements associated with the ore (Cd, Ba, and Mn) form apical anomalies, which occur over the ore bodies and within the halogen halo. Under most circumstances, agricultural practices do not affect enzyme leach results. However, agricultural activity in central Tennessee appears to have altered the proportion of amorphous Mn oxides in the soils in some locations. Where the MnO2-form equilibrium of the soil has been disturbed, enzyme leach data are erratic. In the one instance where this was encountered, ratioing the data to Mn reveals anomalies which bracket the blind ore bodies. 相似文献