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High-resolution numerical simulations are performed for three nights for each of two areas of the United Kingdom. Area-averaging
techniques are then used to calculate effective stability functions for turbulence parametrizations in models using typical
mesoscale and global spatial resolutions. Comparisons are made with parametrizations commonly used in numerical weather prediction
models. The present results do not suggest that significant enhancement of the stability functions above 50 m is justified.
Closer to the surface, more significant enhancement is observed in some regions. It is shown that the amount of enhancement
is related to the variability of the orography. 相似文献
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Robert J. Beare Malcolm K. Macvean Albert A. M. Holtslag Joan Cuxart Igor Esau Jean-Christophe Golaz Maria A. Jimenez Marat Khairoutdinov Branko Kosovic David Lewellen Thomas S. Lund Julie K. Lundquist Anne Mccabe Arnold F. Moene Yign Noh Siegfried Raasch Peter Sullivan 《Boundary-Layer Meteorology》2006,118(2):247-272
Results are presented from the first intercomparison of large-eddy simulation (LES) models for the stable boundary layer (SBL), as part of the Global Energy and Water Cycle Experiment Atmospheric Boundary Layer Study initiative. A moderately stable case is used, based on Arctic observations. All models produce successful simulations, in as much as they generate resolved turbulence and reflect many of the results from local scaling theory and observations. Simulations performed at 1-m and 2-m resolution show only small changes in the mean profiles compared to coarser resolutions. Also, sensitivity to subgrid models for individual models highlights their importance in SBL simulation at moderate resolution (6.25 m). Stability functions are derived from the LES using typical mixing lengths used in numerical weather prediction (NWP) and climate models. The functions have smaller values than those used in NWP. There is also support for the use of K-profile similarity in parametrizations. Thus, the results provide improved understanding and motivate future developments of the parametrization of the SBL. 相似文献
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Large-Eddy Simulation and Parametrization of the Effects of Shear on Shallow Cumulus Convection 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
A. R. Brown 《Boundary-Layer Meteorology》1999,91(1):65-80
Large-eddy simulations are performed of ensembles of shallow convective clouds under varying shear. The scalar transports are shown to be largely unaffected by shear, while the momentum transport is strongly affected. The parametrization of the momentum fluxes is discussed. The cross-cloud pressure gradient, commonly neglected in shallow cumulus parametrizations, is shown to be a dominant term in the in-cloud momentum budget. The performance of two possible representations of this pressure gradient, each previously proposed for use in deep convection parametrizations, is assessed. 相似文献
4.
It is well known that in a neutrally-stratified turbulent flow in a deep constant-stress layer above a flat surface,the horizontal mean velocity varies logarithmically with height (the so-called `log-law-of-the-wall').More recently, the same logarithmic law has also been foundin the presence of non-flat surfaces, where it governs thedynamics of the areally-averagedvelocity and involves renormalized effective parameters.Here, we analyze wind profiles over two-dimensional sinusoidal hillsobtained both from numerical simulations performed with a primitiveequation model and from wind-tunnel measurements. We showthat also the local velocity profiles behave to a verygood approximation logarithmically, for a distance from the surface of the order of the maximum hill height almost to the top of the boundary layer. Such alocal log-law-of-the-wall involves effective parameters smoothly depending on theposition along the underlying topography.This dependence looks very similar to the topography itself. 相似文献
5.
以全球地震面波相速度变化问题为例，使用约３００００道高质量的面波记录数据集，在数据空间和模型空间的误差服从零平均Ｇａｕｓｓ随机分布的假设下，研究反演中的阻尼和参量化问题．发现最佳分块尺度随频率增高而减小；分块参量化方法比球谐展开方法引入的人为因素少，但难以分辨甚低阶横向非均匀性，除非施加极端的空间平滑；球谐函数展开则具备恢复长波结构的优点．为此提出一种混合参量反演方法：首先用球谐函数作为全球基函数，恢复相速度的低阶球谐分量，然后用此作为进一步反演的初始模型，用分块模型迭代反演，得到最终结果． 相似文献
6.
Upgrades to the Boundary-Layer Scheme in the Met Office Numerical Weather Prediction Model 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
A. R. Brown R. J. Beare J. M. Edwards A. P. Lock S. J. Keogh S. F. Milton D. N. Walters 《Boundary-Layer Meteorology》2008,128(1):117-132
Recent upgrades to the boundary-layer scheme in the UK Met Office operational global Numerical Weather Prediction model are
documented. These comprise a reduction in turbulent mixing in stable conditions over the sea, and the inclusion of non-local
momentum mixing in convective conditions. The dependence of low-level winds on changing stability is shown to have been significantly
improved. Crucially, it is also found that these improvements in local performance have been achieved without degrading the
model skill in terms of synoptic evolution—something that has proved difficult to achieve in the past in many operational
models. In fact some aspects of the large-scale flow (e.g. zonal mean winds) have been slightly improved. 相似文献
7.
Results are presented from a large number of numerical simulations performed to investigate the dependence of the turbulentform drag on three-dimensional ellipsoidal hills upon aspect ratio and wind direction. For isolatedisotropic hills the results are, as expected, found to beindependent of wind direction. However directionaldependence rapidly becomes important as the ridges are elongated,and the results quickly converge onto those obtained in the limitingcase of two-dimensional ridges. Based on the numerical results,a simple parametrization of the drag is proposed. 相似文献
8.
以全球地震面波相速度变化问题为例，使用约３００００道高质量的面波记录数据集，在数据空间和模型空间的误差服从零平均Ｇａｕｓｓ随机分布的假设下，研究反演中的阻尼和参量化问题．发现最佳分块尺度随频率增高而减小；分块参量化方法比球谐展开方法引入的人为因素少，但难以分辨甚低阶横向非均匀性，除非施加极端的空间平滑；球谐函数展开则具备恢复长波结构的优点．为此提出一种混合参量反演方法：首先用球谐函数作为全球基函数，恢复相速度的低阶球谐分量，然后用此作为进一步反演的初始模型，用分块模型迭代反演，得到最终结果． 相似文献
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