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The radiative energy exchange between arctic sea-ice and stratiform clouds is studied by means of aircraft measurements and a two-stream radiation transfer model. The data have been obtained by flights of two identically instrumented aircraft during the Radiation and Eddy Flux Experiments REFLEX I in autumn 1991 and REFLEX II in winter 1993 over the arctic marginal ice zone of Fram Strait. The instrumental equipment comprised Eppley pyranometers and pyrgeometers, which measure the solar and terrestrial upwelling and downwelling hemispheric radiation flux densities, and a line-scan-camera on one aircraft to monitor the surface structure of the sea-ice. An empirical parametrization of the albedo of partly ice-covered ocean surfaces is obtained from the data, which describes the albedo increasing linearly with the concentration of the snow-covered sea-ice and with the cosine of the sun zenith angle at sun elevations below 10°. Cloud optical parameters, such as single scattering albedo, asymmetry factor and shortwave and longwave height-dependent extinction coefficient are determined by adjusting modeled radiation flux densities to observations. We found significant influence of the multiple reflection of shortwave radiation between the ice surface and the cloud base on the radiation regime. Consistent with the data, a radiation transfer model shows that stratus clouds of 400 m thickness with common cloud parameters may double the global radiation at the surface of sea-ice compared to open water values. The total cloud-surface-albedo under these circumstances is 30% larger over sea-ice than over water. Parametrizations of the global and reflected radiation above and below stratus clouds are proposed on the basis of the measurements and modeling. The upwelling and downwelling longwave emission of stratus clouds with thicknesses of more than 500 m can be satisfactorily estimated by Stefan's law with an emissivity of nearly 1 and when the maximum air temperature within the cloud is used. 相似文献
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一次大范围暴雪天气的大气环境形成机理研究 总被引：3，自引：1，他引：2
通过分析2009年11月9—12日的一次大范围暴雪天气事件,探讨其发生前期和过程中的大气环境条件及形成机理。通过研究分析环流特征、星载雷达有关能数、物理量场诊断等表明:此次天气过程中暴雪区域上空对流层中低层一直存在着一层具有增温增湿特征的层状云,暴雪前大气低层高温高湿的环境为暴雪的发生提供了一个有利的温湿能量蓄积场;东北回流冷空气的入侵是层状云开始形成的触发机制;大气低层因水汽凝结产生的大量凝结潜热促进了垂直上升运动,大气中低层在水汽条件具备时,通过垂直上升运动的作用使水汽大量凝结增长,形成层状云。 相似文献
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本文利用1983～1986年我省飞机探测的层状云宏微观资料、对我省层状云顶底高、厚度、云中含水量分布等进行了分析、文中描述了盆地层状云的宏微观特征。含水量在云中不同部位的分布特点。并对我省飞机人工降水条件进行了初步探讨。 相似文献
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