排序方式： 共有15条查询结果，搜索用时 18 毫秒
1.
国内外常用的空气质量模式介绍 总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6
人们对空气污染问题的关注促进了空气质量数值模式的发展。至今,空气质量模式已经发展了三代。目前,国内外常用的模式有ISC3,ADMS,AERMOD,Models-3,CAPPS等。应该根据实际问题的需求选择合适的模式。 相似文献
2.
3.
The modulation of the soil-water ion concentration and thermal fields resulting from night frost is illustrated with data from temperature-electric potential probes in the upper 15 cm of a sandy loam soil. The relative soil-water ion concentration, calculated from soil electric potential observations, aids in the detection of these modulation effects produced by non-conductive heat-mass transfer processes. The apparent thermal diffusivity, calculated from soil-temperature data, further facilitates the detection and analysis of these non-conductive processes. This new technology demonstrates the distorting effects of soil-water advection to the freezing zone, “ice purification” of soil water in the freezing zone and other coupled mass-heat transport effects produced by night frost. The conversion of electric potential observations to a relative index of soil-water ion concentration and the calculation of the apparent thermal diffusivity from the temperature data matrix are demonstrated as effective methods for the detection and analysis of the magnitude and direction of coupled-flow processes. [Key words: electric potential, frost, soil chemistry, soil temperature, thermal diffusivity.] 相似文献
4.
解读国际地层委员会2004年前寒武纪地层表及2004-2008年参考方案 总被引：17，自引：5，他引：12
国际地层委员会前不久公布了2 0 0 4年“国际地层表”,并专门提出了“2 0 0 4—2 0 0 8年前寒武纪年表参考方案”。在2 0 0 4年版“国际地层表”中,新建了埃迪卡拉系,其时限从6 30 Ma至5 4 2 Ma。“2 0 0 4—2 0 0 8年前寒武系划分参考方案”指出应该根据唯一客观的物理标准——现存的岩石记录,对前寒武纪地质年表重新进行界定。前寒武纪的地层界线应标定于地层记录中的关键事件或转变点上,以突出反映地球系统演化的巨变。在介绍有关埃迪卡拉系的背景、地质特征和时限的同时,对“参考方案”中有关前寒武系划分原则和具体划分方案的新思路进行了介绍和评述,对“参考方案”中值得商榷的问题进行了初步分析,并对我国前寒武纪年代表制定中有关重点提出了建议 相似文献
5.
Maiclaire K. Bolton Dmitry A. Storchak James Harris 《Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors》2006,158(1):27-45
The International Seismological Centre (ISC) publishes the definitive global bulletin of earthquake locations. In the ISC bulletin, we aim to obtain a free depth, but often this is not possible. Subsequently, the first option is to obtain a depth derived from depth phases. If depth phases are not available, we then use the reported depth from a reputable local agency. Finally, as a last resort, we set a default depth.In the past, common depths of 10, 33, or multiples of 50 km have been assigned. Assigning a more meaningful default depth, specific to a seismic region will increase the consistency of earthquake locations within the ISC bulletin and allow the ISC to publish better positions and magnitude estimates. It will also improve the association of reported secondary arrivals to corresponding seismic events.We aim to produce a global set of default depths, based on a typical depth for each area, from well-constrained events in the ISC bulletin or where depth could be constrained using a consistent set of depth phase arrivals provided by a number of different reporters.In certain areas, we must resort to using other assumptions. For these cases, we use a global crustal model (Crust2.0) to set default depths to half the thickness of the crust. 相似文献
6.
1IntroductionThe USEPA approved to promulgate ISC3(USE-PA,2002)in replacement of ISC(USEPA1995a,b),which has been the workhorse of air dispersionmodel for decades in the United States.Both ISC andISC3utilize the PRIME building downwash algorithm(Schulman … 相似文献
7.
In this work, many global tomographic inversions and resolution tests are carried out to investigate the influence of various mantle and core phase data from the International Seismological Center (ISC) data set on the determination of 3D velocity structure of the Earth's interior. Our results show that, when only the direct P data are used, the resolution is good for most of the mantle except for the oceanic regions down to about 1000 km depth and for most of the D″ layer, and PP rays can provide a better constraint on the structure down to the middle mantle, in particular for the upper mantle under the oceans. PcP can enhance the ray sampling of the middle and lower mantle around the Pacific rim and Europe, while Pdiff can help improve the spatial resolution in the lowermost mantle. The outer core phases (PKP, PKiKP and PKKP) can improve the resolution in the lowermost mantle of the southern hemisphere and under oceanic regions. When finer blocks or grid nodes are adopted to determine a high-resolution model, pP data are very useful for improving the upper mantle structure. The resulting model inferred from all phases not only displays the general features contained in the previous global tomographic models, but also reveals some new features. For example, the image of the Hawaiian mantle plume is improved notably over the previous studies. It is imaged as a continuous low velocity anomaly beneath the Hawaiian hotspot from the core-mantle boundary (CMB) to the surface, implying that the Hawaiian mantle plume indeed originates from the CMB. Low-velocity anomalies along some mid-oceanic ridges extend down to about 600 km depth. Our results suggested that later seismic phases are of great importance in better understanding the structure and dynamics of the Earth's interior. 相似文献
8.
Dmitry A. Storchak 《Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors》2006,158(1):4-13
The International Seismological Centre (ISC) is charged with production of the definitive global bulletin of seismic events, based on the most comprehensive set of parametric data collected from all over the world. Almost every event in the bulletin retains the original hypocentral solutions reported to the ISC by contributing agencies. In addition, where possible, the ISC computes its own solution, which is intended to be the most accurate where the data from several networks are used. It is because of the requirement for consistency of the bulletin over the years that the procedures used at the centre to compute hypocentres have remained rather conservative despite considerable advances made in the field of earthquake location.The ISC has developed and put into operation a new data management system. As a result, it is now possible to review and subsequently introduce more up-to-date methods of locating seismic events into the operations. The ISC Governing Council called for a workshop dedicated to location procedures, which was held during the 2005 IASPEI General Assembly in Santiago, Chile.To compare the accuracy of different location algorithms, a list of 156 reference events (IWREF) was selected prior to the workshop. The list includes geographically well distributed earthquakes and explosions with positions known with an accuracy of up to 5 km. It covers the period of 1954-2001 and includes all station readings and hypocentral solutions of different agencies available for these events in the ISC bulletin. Although the original ISC solutions are included, these may be different from the solution obtainable now due to changes in the ISC procedures over the years. This paper presents the results of relocation of these events using standard ISC location procedures as of 2005. These new ISC locations and analysis of their shifts with respect to reference locations present a benchmark for further improvement. 相似文献
9.
William Rodi 《Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors》2006,158(1):55-66
This study employs an event location algorithm based on grid search to investigate the possibility of improving seismic event location accuracy by using non-Gaussian error models. The primary departure from the Gaussian error model that is considered is the explicit use of non-Gaussian probability distributions in defining optimal estimates of location parameters. Specifically, the class of generalized Gaussian distributions is considered, which leads to the minimization of Lp norms of arrival time residuals for arbitrary p≥1. The generalized Gaussian error models are implemented both with fixed standard errors assigned to the data and with an iterative reweighting of the data on a station/phase basis. An implicit departure from a Gaussian model is also considered, namely, the use of a simple outlier rejection criterion for disassociating arrivals during the grid-search process. These various mechanisms were applied to the ISC phase picks for the IWREF reference events, and the resulting grid-search solutions were compared to the GT locations of the events as well as the ISC solutions. The results indicate that event mislocations resulting from the minimization of Lp residual norms, with p near 1, are generally better than those resulting from the conventional L2 norm minimization (Gaussian error assumption). However, this result did not always hold for mislocations in event depth. Further, outlier rejection and iterative reweighting, applied with L2 minimization, performed nearly as well as L1 minimization in some cases. The results of this study suggest that ISC can potentially improve its location capability with the use of global search methods and non-Gaussian error models. However, given the limitations of this study, further research, including the investigation of other statistical and optimization techniques not addressed here, is needed to assess this potential more completely. 相似文献
10.
Inter-comparison of Aermod and ISC3 modeling results to the Alaska tracer field experiment 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
AERMOD is an advanced plume model that incorporates updated treatments of the boundary layer theory, understanding of turbulence and dispersion, and includes handling of terrain interactions as well as the PRIME downwash algorithm. It was reported that the US EPA approved AERMOD for short-range dispersion modeling. It was the high time that AERMOD would replace ISC3. ISC3 is a traditional Gaussian plume model regarded as the regulatory model of US EPA with the capacity of building downwash similar to that of AERMOD. In this paper, the authors describe the advantages of AERMOD over the regulatory model of ISC3 by comparing their predicted ground level concentrations (GLC) along downwind distance to the Alaska tracer field data. The field experiment features buoyant release of effluent at elevated height over a flat terrain and local flows influenced by building downwash. Three measures to compare the observed and simulated concentration data, such as linear regression, quantile-quantile (QQ) and residual box are utilized. To sum up, AERMOD shows significantly better space-time correlation and probability distribution than the ISC3, which frequently overestimates the GLC for effluent released with significant plume rise under stable atmospheric conditions. The performance of AERMOD is greatly enhanced by introducing the state-of-the-art knowledge of boundary layer meteorology as well as the turbulence parameterization method. In particular, AERMOD takes into account the meander effect on coherent plume in stable condition with current state-of-the-art Planetary Boundary Layer (PBL) parameterizations, while ISC3 is not capable of producing such important effect. Generally speaking, 1.17 is the overall predicted-to-observed ratio for short-term averages using AERMOD. 1.94 is the overall predicted-to-observed ratio for short-term averages using ISC3. 相似文献