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In situ formation of welded tuff-like textures in the carapace of a voluminous silicic lava flow,Owyhee County,SW Idaho 总被引：1，自引：2，他引：1
C. R. Manley 《Bulletin of Volcanology》1996,57(8):672-686
The Badlands rhyolite, on the Owyhee Plateau of southwestern Idaho, can be demonstrated to be a large lava flow on the basis
of its geometry of large and small flow lobes, its well-exposed near-vent features, and its response to pre-existing topography.
However, samples of the dense upper vitrophyre of the unit reveal a range of annealed fragmental textures, including material which closely resembles the
compressed, welded glass shards which are characteristic of ignimbrites. Formation of these tuff-like textures involved processes
probably common to emplacement of most silicic lava flow units. Decompression upon extrusion causes inflation of pumice at
the surface of the lava flow; some of this pumice is subsequently comminuted, producing loose bubble-wall shards, bits of
pumice, chips of dense glass, and fragments of phenocrysts. This debris sifts down around loose blocks and into open fractures
deeper in the flow, where it can be reheated, compressed, and annealed to varying degrees. The end result is a dense vitrophyre
layer (beneath the true upper, non-welded carapace breccia) which can be extremely texturally heterogeneous, with areas of
flow-foliated lava occurring very near lava which in many aspects looks like welded ignimbrite, complete with flattened pumices.
Identical textures in other silicic units have been cited by previous workers as evidence that those units erupted as pyroclastic
flows which then underwent sufficient rheomorphism to create a flow-foliated rock which otherwise appears to be lava. The
textures described herein indicate that lava flows can come to mimic rheomorphic ignimbrites, at least at scales ranging from
thin sections to outcrops. Voluminous silicic units with scattered fragmental textures, but with otherwise lava-like features,
are probably true effusive lava flows.
Received: January 30, 1995 / Accepted: January 22, 1996 相似文献
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桑树台断裂构造带位于梨树断陷西侧,为梨树断陷的控盆断裂。构造解析结果表明,桑树台断裂构造带自北而南由苏家屯断裂、桑树台断裂、南-北金山断裂组成,其间分别被西丁家侧接断裂和老公林子侧接断裂相连。火石岭期,在北西-南东向伸展环境下,桑树台断裂、北金山断裂和南金山断裂伸展活动强烈; 沙河子期,在左旋走滑构造环境下,桑树台断裂、北金山断裂和南金山断裂伸展活动强烈,断层间具调节转换性质的侧接断裂开始形成,同时苏家屯断裂开始活动; 营城期,在右旋走滑构造环境下,苏家屯断层和桑树台断裂北部伸展活动强烈,南金山断裂与老公林子断裂侧接带以南区域遭受挤压,缺失营城组沉积; 登娄库期-泉头早期,在左行走滑环境下,苏家屯断裂、皮家断裂、桑树台断裂、北金山断裂、南金山断裂及老公林子侧接带断裂强烈走滑,至泉头早期断裂活动显著减弱,几近停止,随后区域被巨厚的泉头组上部及上白垩统覆盖。嫩江期末期-明水期,在南东-北西向的挤压构造环境下,桑树台断裂带南段的老公林子断裂侧接带,走滑强烈,断层向上多切割至地表。喜马拉雅山期,桑树台断裂构造带无明显构造活动。 相似文献
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We address the question of the predictability of skarn textures and their role in understanding the evolution of a skarn system. Recent models of skarn formation show that skarns are ideal for application of self-organisation theory, with self-patterning the rule in fluid-rock interaction systems rather than the exception. Zonation in skarn deposits, a consequence of infiltration-driven metasomatism, can also be treated in terms of self-organisation. Other less commonly described features, such as scalloping, fingering and mineral banding, can be understood by application of reactive infiltration and hydrodynamics at the skarn front. Devolatilisation may trigger formation of back-flow fluxes that overprint previously formed skarn. The range of textures formed from such events can be used to discriminate between prograde and retrograde stages. Refractory minerals, such as garnet, magnetite and pyrite, readily retain overprinting events. Skarns are also composed largely of minerals from solid solution series (garnet, pyroxene, pyroxenoids, etc.) and therefore skarn mineralogy helps to establish trends of zonation and evolution. The same minerals can act as ‘chemical oscillators’ and record metasomatic trends.The Ocna de Fier-Dognecea deposit was formed in a 10 km deep skarn system. Zonation and evolution trends therefore represent only the result of interaction between magmatically derived fluids emerging at the source and limestone. From the same reason, the transition from prograde to retrograde regime is not influenced by interaction with external fluids. Thirdly, the mineralisation comprises Fe, Cu and Zn-Pb ores, thus facilitating comparison with skarn deposits that commonly are formed in shallower magmatic-hydrothermal environment. Copper-iron ores (magnetite+Cu-Fe sulphides), hosted by magnesian (forsterite+diopside) skarn, occur in the deepest and central part of the orefield, at Simon Iuda. Their petrological character allows interpretation as the core of the skarn system formed from a unique source of fluids emerging from the subjacent granodiorite. It formed first as a consequence of the local setting, where a limestone indented in the granodiorite permitted strong reaction at 650 °C and focussed the up-streaming, buoyant fluids. The first sharp front of reaction is seen at the boundary between the Cu-Fe core and Fe ores hosted by calcic skarn (Di70-90-And70-90), where Cu-Fe sulphides disappear, and forsterite gives way to garnet in the presence of diopside (Di90). Following formation of forsterite, devolatilisation and transient plume collapse is interpreted from a range of piercing clusters and trails. We presume lateral flow to have been initiated at the source, as the emerging fluids are in excess to the fluids driven into reaction by the plume. Formation of the other orebodies, up to 5 km laterally downstream in both directions, is interpreted as skarn fingering at the limestone side. The metasomatic front is perpendicular to the flow along the channel of schists placed between the limestone base and the granodiorite.A metal zonation centred onto the source is defined, based on metal distribution: Cu-Fe/Fe/Zn-Pb. The second front of reaction, at the boundary between the Fe and Zn-Pb zone, has a sulphidation/oxidation character, with diopside giving way to a Fe-Mn-rich pyroxene, (HedJoh)>60+pyroxmangite±bustamite; garnet is minor. Johannsenite-rich pyroxene (Di20-40Hed20-40Joh40) is found in proximal skarn at the upper part of Simon Iuda, stable with Zn0.95Fe0.05S, at an inferred 570 °C. In distal skarn from Dognecea and Paulus, Mn-hedenbergite (Di<10Hed70Joh20-30) formed at 400 °C is stable with Zn0.84Fe0.16S. Extensive compositional fields, eutectic decomposition and lamellar intergrowths characterise pyroxene in the Zn-Pb zone, formed at the magnetite-hematite buffer in the presence of pyrite. Distal skarn has a reducing character, in comparison with the proximal. A drop in both fS2 and O2, with the zoned system moving closer to the pyrite-pyrrhotite buffer, is induced from the temperature gradient. Based on pyroxene mineralogy and calculated fS2, the metal zonation is confirmed as being formed upwards and outwards from the source.The Fe and Zn-Pb zones both have a patterned side coexisting with the unpatterned one. Patterning is seen at scales from macroscopic (rhythmic banding, nodular, spotted, orbicular, mossy, mottled textures) to microscopic scales (oscillatory zonation in garnet and silica-bearing magnetite). Following plume updraft, the path of decarbonation reaction controlled the motion of the skarn front until, towards the end of the prograde stage, a multiple steady state regime developed and produced rhythmic patterns on all scales. The activation of powerful patterning operators, represented by Liesegang banding alone, or coupled with competitive particle growth, show that the skarn front had the characteristics of an unstable coarsening front of reaction.A second retrograde event, carbofracturing, triggered by erratic decarbonation after cessation of infiltration, can be interpreted from overprinting textures in the Fe and Zn-Pb zone. A major drop in fO2 is inferred from extensive, pseudomorphous replacement of hematite by magnetite. Textures show progressive destruction of prograde assemblages, i.e., piercing clusters, shock-induced, fluid-pressure assisted brecciation and deformation, followed by healing of the disrupted assemblages. Release of trace elements accompanies both retrograde events, with a Bi-Te-Au-Ag association common to both. The importance of shock-induced textures is emphasised in the context of Au enrichment, especially when the retrograde fluids cross the main buffers in fO2-fS2 space.The presence of Bi-sulphosalt polysomes in the Fe zone indicates that patterning extends down to the nanoscale. The key role played by polysomatism in stabilising compositional trends that cannot otherwise be formed at equilibrium is a fertile ground yet to be adequately explored. 相似文献
4.
Woody canopy cover (CC) is the simplest two dimensional metric for assessing the presence of the woody component in savannahs, but detailed validated maps are not currently available in southern African savannahs. A number of international EO programs (including in savannah landscapes) advocate and use optical LandSAT imagery for regional to country-wide mapping of woody canopy cover. However, previous research has shown that L-band Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) provides good performance at retrieving woody canopy cover in southern African savannahs. This study’s objective was to evaluate, compare and use in combination L-band ALOS PALSAR and LandSAT-5 TM, in a Random Forest environment, to assess the benefits of using LandSAT compared to ALOS PALSAR. Additional objectives saw the testing of LandSAT-5 image seasonality, spectral vegetation indices and image textures for improved CC modelling. Results showed that LandSAT-5 imagery acquired in the summer and autumn seasons yielded the highest single season modelling accuracies (R2 between 0.47 and 0.65), depending on the year but the combination of multi-seasonal images yielded higher accuracies (R2 between 0.57 and 0.72). The derivation of spectral vegetation indices and image textures and their combinations with optical reflectance bands provided minimal improvement with no optical-only result exceeding the winter SAR L-band backscatter alone results (R2 of ∼0.8). The integration of seasonally appropriate LandSAT-5 image reflectance and L-band HH and HV backscatter data does provide a significant improvement for CC modelling at the higher end of the model performance (R2 between 0.83 and 0.88), but we conclude that L-band only based CC modelling be recommended for South African regions. 相似文献
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