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1.
Deepwater pipelines are designed to transport mixtures of oil and gas, and their associated impurities at wellhead temperatures that can be in excess of 149 °C (∼300 °F or 422 K) while the external temperature maybe in the range of 5 °C (∼41 °F or 278 K). Depending on the circumstances these pipelines may be buried for physical protection or for additional thermal insulation using robotic trenching equipment. This results in a complex cut and backfill geometry in the seafloor in addition to altering the thermal properties of the backfill. A two-dimensional boundary element model was developed specifically to address to investigate the local steady-state thermal field in the near field of the pipeline. The model allows one to account for the complex geometries in the near field associated with this burial technique, site-specific multi-layered soil conditions and the seawater adjacent to the seafloor. A parametric study was preformed to evaluate effects of the thermal power loss, burial depth, pipe diameter and soil thermal conductivity on the thermal field in the near field of a buried pipeline. The numerical examples illustrate the influence of the backfill thermal property on the temperature at the pipe wall, that the pipe diameter controls the required output thermal power needed to maintain the desired pipe wall temperature, and the importance of pipeline burial depth on seabed temperature distribution above the pipeline. 相似文献
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Quantitative sinkhole hazard assessments in karst areas allow calculation of the potential sinkhole risk and the performance
of cost-benefit analyses. These estimations are of practical interest for planning, engineering, and insurance purposes. The
sinkhole hazard assessments should include two components: the probability of occurrence of sinkholes (sinkholes/km2 year) and the severity of the sinkholes, which mainly refers to the subsidence mechanisms (progressive passive bending or
catastrophic collapse) and the size of the sinkholes at the time of formation; a critical engineering design parameter. This
requires the compilation of an exhaustive database on recent sinkholes, including information on the: (1) location, (2) chronology
(precise date or age range), (3) size, and (4) subsidence mechanisms and rate. This work presents a hazard assessment from
an alluvial evaporite karst area (0.81 km2) located in the periphery of the city of Zaragoza (Ebro River valley, NE Spain). Five sinkholes and four locations with features
attributable to karstic subsidence where identified in an initial investigation phase providing a preliminary probability
of occurrence of 0.14 sinkholes/km2 year (11.34% in annual probability). A trenching program conducted in a subsequent investigation phase allowed us to rule
out the four probable sinkholes, reducing the probability of occurrence to 0.079 sinkholes/km2 year (6.4% in annual probability). The information on the severity indicates that collapse sinkholes 10–15 m in diameter
may occur in the area. A detailed study of the deposits and deformational structures exposed by trenching in one of the sinkholes
allowed us to infer a modern collapse sinkhole approximately 12 m in diameter and with a vertical throw of 8 m. This collapse
structure is superimposed on a subsidence sinkhole around 80 m across that records at least 1.7 m of synsedimentary subsidence.
Trenching, in combination with dating techniques, is proposed as a useful methodology to elucidate the origin of depressions
with uncertain diagnosis and to gather practical information with predictive utility about particular sinkholes in alluvial
karst settings: precise location, subsidence mechanisms and magnitude, and timing and rate of the subsidence episodes. 相似文献
3.
F. Gutiérrez J. P. Galve P. Lucha J. Bonachea L. Jordá R. Jordá 《Environmental Geology》2009,58(5):1107-1122
An active sinkhole around 100 m long has been investigated in the city of Zaragoza (NE Spain). Subsidence activity on this
depression, including the sudden occurrence of a collapse sinkhole 5 m across, led to the abandonment of a factory in the
1990s. At the present time, a building with 100 flats and shallow pad foundations partially built on the sinkhole, is affected
by rapid differential settlement. The development of the sinkhole results from the karstification of the halite- and glauberite-
bearing bedrock and the sagging and collapse of the overlying bedrock and alluvium, more than 30 m thick. GPR and electrical
resistivity profiles have provided information on the distribution and geometry of the subsidence structure. The application
of the trenching technique and geochronological methods (AMS and OSL dating) has allowed us to infer objective and practical
data on the sinkhole including (1) Limits of the subsidence structure, (2) subsidence mechanisms, (3) cumulative subsidence
(>408 cm), (4) subsidence rates on specific failure planes (>1.8 cm/year), (5) episodic displacement regime of some fault
planes. The available information indicates that the progressive deformation recorded in the building will continue and might
be punctuated by events of more rapid displacement. This work illustrates the practicality of the trenching technique for
the study of sinkholes in mantled karst areas. 相似文献
4.
INTRODUCTIONTheDatongbasinislocatedinthenorthernpartofShanxiProvinceandisoneoftheimportantpartsoftheCenozoicfaultedbasinintheShanxifaulteddepressionsystem .IntheresearchofactivefaultsinChina ,theShanxifaulteddepressionsystemhasattractedgreatattentionwithitsspecifictectonicpatternandfrequencyofhistoricstrongearthquakes (DengQidongetal.,1 973;1 995;LiuGuangxunetal.,1 982 ;DingGuoyuetal.,1 983;XuXiwei,1 989) .AnearthquakewithM6 1occurredintheDatongbasinin 1 989.Sincethenseveraldiscus… 相似文献
5.
Review of paleoseismological and active fault studies in Taiwan in the light of the Chichi earthquake of September 21, 1999 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
This paper reviews the research on active and earthquake faults in Taiwan conducted prior and after the 1999 Chichi earthquake. The Chichi earthquake plays as a turning point of the relevant studies, since the 1999 coseismic surface rupture exactly follows preexisting fault scarps, created in turn by previous seismic events along the Chelungpu Fault. This fact indicates that the precise mapping on the other active faults is fundamental to predict the location of surface rupture caused by large future earthquakes. Since 1999, many trenching studies have been carried out along the Chichi earthquake fault. A few of them demonstrates that the penultimate event is as young as probably only 200–430 years old; however, some others show a rather old age of several hundreds years or even older for the last faulting event before 1999. More trenching studies are necessary for such a long fault in order to understand the possible segmentation features and the correlation of the paleoseismic events identified along the entire fault length. In addition, we further discuss the offshore faulting associated with seismic event along the eastern coast of Taiwan, where the multiple Holocene terraces are well known. 相似文献
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青岛沧口断裂的地质构造特征与第四纪活动性研究 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
本文根据青岛市活断层探测与地震危险性评价项目初查阶段第四纪地层分析、遥感影像解译、地球化学探测、地质地貌调查与探槽开挖、浅层地震勘探与钻孔探测、地质年代测定等获得的丰富的第一手资料,对青岛沧口断裂的地质构造特征和第四纪活动性进行了详细分析与综合研究,结果表明:沧口断裂经历多期构造变动,是本区的重要断裂之一,它由多支断层组成,控制了中生代的火山活动、盆地沉积和岩浆侵入以及晚第四纪的盆地沉积、山体隆升和水系发育;第四纪以来,沧口断裂的主要活动发生于中更新世晚期至晚更新世早期,表现出中高角度向南东倾的逆冲活动特点,错断了上更新统底面1—6m,而最新活动时代为晚更新世中期,以走滑活动为主,垂直错距0.2—1.1m。 相似文献
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Geomorphology and geochronology of sackung features (uphill-facing scarps) in the Central Spanish Pyrenees 总被引：4，自引：1，他引：4
F. Gutirrez-Santolalla Enrique Acosta Santiago Ríos Jesús Guerrero Pedro Lucha 《Geomorphology》2005,69(1-4):298-314
The paper analyses uphill-facing scarps and associated troughs developed in the oversteepened slopes of two neighbouring glacial valleys in the central Spanish Pyrenees. Previous studies of sackung landforms in the Pyrenees have argued for deglacial unloading as the genetic mechanism, but this causal and temporal relationship has not been proved due to the lack of chronological data. The antislope scarps in the two studied locations, Vallibierna and Estós, are developed in Palaeozoic metasedimentary rocks (parallel to the contour lines and the structural grain), occur in the intermediate sector of the hillslope, and are up to 0.5 km long and several meters high. A trench was excavated in a sackung trough fill in each of the valleys in order to gain information about their chronology and genesis. Charcoal from the lowermost unit in Vallibierna provided an age of 5.9 cal. ka for the sackung and extrapolation of the three dates obtained in Estós indicates that the trough formed ca. 7.6–7.8 cal. ka. Deglaciation of the studied sectors of the valleys occurred between 16 and 13 ka. The time lag of >5 ka suggests that glacial erosion and the subsequent debutressing of the oversteepened valley walls created slopes predisposed to sackung development, but did not initiate the movement. Seismic shaking is proposed as a probable triggering factor. This hypothesis, although supported by the sudden deformation event recorded by a failure plane exposed in Vallibierna trench, and by the seismic and neotectonic activity of the area, cannot be proved due to the lack of chronological information about paleoearthquakes. 相似文献
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