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Guy R. Cochrane Brian T. R. Lewis Kevin J. McClain 《Pure and Applied Geophysics》1988,128(3-4):767-800
Seismic reflection and refraction data off Washington and Oregon are used to determine the style of sediment deformation and to infer the physical properties of accreted sediments on the lower slope. Onshore-offshore seismic refraction data off Washington are used to determine the location of the trench, or where the plate bending starts.We find that off Washington the subduction zone is characterized by a trench whose physiographic expression is buried under several kilometers of sediments and is tens of kilometers landward of the lower slope, which is accreting seaward as the result of the offscraping of sediments.Seismic reflection data support previous observations that offscraping occurs along seaward and landward dipping thrust faults. Refraction data indicate that a sediment package thrust up along a seaward dipping fault (off Washington) was not measurably changed in velocity with respect to a Cascadia basin section. However a package uplifted by thrusting along a landward dipping fault (off Oregon) did have increased velocity. It is suggested that the increased velocities off Oregon could be the result of erosion and exposure of more deeply buried and compacted sediments, rather than the result of dewatering due to tectonic stress. Off Washington the sensitivity of velocity to porosity and resolution of the seismic method does not preclude dewatering due to tectonic stress, but it does limit the degree of dewatering.In the deeper parts of the lower slope section off Washington and Oregon velocities as high as 3 to 4 km/sec are found. Heat flow data indicate that the temperatures in this high velocity regime are greater than 100°C. It is hypothesized that lithification related to clay diagenesis may be partly responsible for the high velocities, rather than simply compaction. It also appears that the high velocity sediments are subducted while the unlithified low velocity sediments are offscraped. 相似文献
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A numerical compaction model of overpressuring in shales 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
A one-dimensional model of sediment compaction is presented to relate pressure, porosity, permeability, and fluid and solid-particle velocities in an evolving sedimentary basin. The burial history of a sedimentary package is followed and incorporated into rate models for diagenetic reactions to predict clay compositions with depth. The governing set of nonlinear, partial differential equations constitutes a moving boundary problem and is solved by a finite difference scheme. Sedimentation rates and a permeability-porosity function for shales are required to implement the model. Additional factors are incorporated to mimic the effect of increased fluid volume generated by dehydration from clay mineral transformations and by thermal expansion. We demonstrate that the major cause of overpressuring in sediments accumulating along passive margins is nonequilibrium compaction. Sedimentation rates and strata permeability are the most important geologic factors in the formation of overpressured zones. Smectite dehydration and aquathermal pressuring play secondary roles in the development and sustenance of overpressures. 相似文献
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沉积盆地超压系统演化、流体流动与成藏机理 总被引：47，自引：1，他引：47
压实不均衡和生烃 ,特别是生气作用是可独立产生大规模超压的主要机制。根据超压顶面的几何形态、超压的发育机制、超压系统的内部结构和演化 ,可将超压系统分为封隔型超压系统和动态超压系统 2类。超压流体的排放包含 2个层次 :从超压泥岩向邻近输导层的初次排放和从超压系统向上覆常压系统或相对低超压系统的二次排放。封隔型超压系统的流体排放主要通过周期性顶部封闭层破裂进行 ,动态超压系统的流体排放可能主要通过断裂或其它构造薄弱带、超压顶面隆起点和超压系统内构造高点处的水力破裂集中进行。超压盆地油气倾向于在静水压力系统富集 ,并具有幕式充注特征 ,但超压系统既可发育商业型油藏 ,也可形成大型气藏。 相似文献
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断裂成因他源高压及其地质特征 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
开启断裂的活动造成其断开的渗透性地层之间的水动力连通 ,从而可在浅部地层产生极高超压。这种超压在形成机制、分布特征和识别标志等方面均与传统认识和讨论的类型大不相同。笔者等通过实例 ,分析了断裂成因他源高压的形成、分布及其对油气成藏的影响等。断裂连通系统中各渗透性地层内过剩压力完全一致 ,地层压力以静水压力梯度随深度增加 ;由构造应力或由地层压力为主导因素的断裂的形成对应着不同的压力形成机制、压力分布特征及演化过程 ;这类超压带之上的压力过渡带一般较薄 ,但受地层性质及超压形成后沉积速率的影响。这类高压的研究对于识别断裂活动、划分油气运聚单元、确定油气藏动力学过程、压力预测等均有重要意义。 相似文献
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Structures associated with soft‐sediment deformation are preserved in the Neoproterozoic Dalradian Supergroup of SW Scotland and NW Ireland. Clastic dykes display a range of age relationships to regional Caledonian D1 folds and fabrics from pre‐tectonic to hitherto unrecognized post‐tectonic. Evidence for the post‐D1 timing of some dykes includes the emplacement of centimetre‐scale injections along regional S1 cleavage, the disorientation and transport of cleaved wall‐rock clasts within larger dykes, and clastic dykes which markedly cross‐cut and transect F1 fold hinges and axial planes. Collectively, these observations are compatible with the earliest regional (D1) structures deforming a sequence which contained locally overpressured and unlithified pockets of sediment. These critical relationships indicate that overpressured pockets of unlithified sediment were possibly retained within the Dalradian for significant periods of time spanning at least 120 Ma given existing isotopic constraints. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
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