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Borja A Barbone E Basset A Borgersen G Brkljacic M Elliott M Garmendia JM Marques JC Mazik K Muxika I Magalhães Neto J Norling K Rodríguez JG Rosati I Rygg B Teixeira H Trayanova A 《Marine pollution bulletin》2011,62(3):499-513
In recent times many benthic indices have been proposed to assess the ecological quality of marine waters worldwide. In this study we compared single metrics and multi-metric methods to assess coastal and transitional benthic status along human pressure gradients in five distinct environments across Europe: Varna bay and lake (Bulgaria), Lesina lagoon (Italy), Mondego estuary (Portugal), Basque coast (Spain) and Oslofjord (Norway). Hence, 13 single metrics (abundance, number of taxa, and several diversity and sensitivity indices) and eight of the most common indices used within the European Water Framework Directive (WFD) for benthic assessment were selected: index of size spectra (ISS), Benthic assessment tool (BAT), Norwegian quality index (NQI), Multivariate AMBI (M-AMBI), Benthic quality index (BQI), (Benthic ecosystem quality index (BEQI), Benthic index based on taxonomic sufficiency (BITS), and infaunal quality index (IQI). Within each system, sampling sites were ordered in an increasing pressure gradient according to a preliminary classification based on professional judgement. The different indices are largely consistent in their response to pressure gradient, except in some particular cases (i.e. BITS, in all cases, or ISS when a low number of individuals is present). Inconsistencies between indicator responses were most pronounced in transitional waters (i.e. IQI, BEQI), highlighting the difficulties of the generic application of indicators to all marine, estuarine and lagoonal environments. However, some of the single (i.e. ecological groups approach, diversity, richness) and multi-metric methods (i.e. BAT, M-AMBI, NQI) were able to detect such gradients both in transitional and coastal environments, being these multi-metric methods more consistent in the detection than single indices. This study highlights the importance of survey design and good reference conditions for some indicators. The agreement observed between different methodologies and their ability to detect quality trends across distinct environments constitutes a promising result for the implementation of the WFD’s monitoring plans. Moreover, these results have management implications, regarding the dangers of misclassification, uncertainty in the assessment, use of conflicting indices, and testing and validation of indices. 相似文献
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Most studies of ethnic residential segregation in Australian cities have used single-measure indices of dissimilarity and segregation, which access the degree of unevenness between two maps. Segregation is a multi-dimensional concept, however, and in this paper we introduce an alternative way of measuring residential concentration which incorporates several of the key dimensions. The procedure is illustrated using birthplace and language-used-at-home data for collection districts in metropolitan Sydney in 1996. Results show no evidence of extreme spatial concentration of ethnic groups. 相似文献
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利用2006年全国各省农村居民人均住房面积统计数据,基于空间自相关方法从空间尺度分析其空间分布特征。首先建立空间邻近网络和邻接矩阵,通过Moran′I自相关指数分析空间关联性,为确定农村人均住房面积的分布存在空间相关性而非随机性,采用蒙特卡罗方法进行多次模拟证明,并利用2011年统计数据进行实际验证。实验分析,2006与2011年农村人均住房面积Moran′I指数分别为0．5566和0．5983,表明空间聚集特点明显,基本可以分为东部发达地区、中部和西部三种聚类,并且两年之间聚集现象有显著变化。 相似文献
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河西走廊中西段肃州区景观空间格局研究 总被引：17，自引：5，他引：12
景观空间格局研究是景观生态学研究的核心之一。运用景观生态学原理,借助GIS技术(ArcGIS 8．1)和Fragstats Version 3．3软件,基于2000年Landsat5 的4、3、2(RGB)波段合成影像解译结果．将研究区分为19个景观要素,选取斑块特征指数(斑块伸长指数、斑块密度、边缘密度、分维数)、景观多样性指数(香农多样性指数、均匀度、优势度)和景观空间构型指数(蔓延度、破碎度、分离度)等指标,对酒泉市肃州区进行了景观格局研究。结果表明：(1)肃州区景观的主要斑块类型为戈壁(沙地)、耕地、盐碱地和低覆盖草地,体现了景观的基质是戈壁沙地和农牧业绿洲类型的特点;(2)斑块特征指数表现为：农村居民点、耕地和低覆盖草地斑块密度较大,耕地、戈壁、低覆盖草地和盐碱地斑块边缘密度较大,反映出农村居民点多而分散,草地退化和耕地碎片化状况;(3)景观多样性指数SHDI表明景观异质性较高的特点,SHEI则表明景观中有一定的优势类型,以戈壁、耕地和盐碱地等景观类型占优势;(4)景观空间构型指数蔓延度反映了聚集度适中的特点,破碎度则反映肃州区景观总体受人类活动干扰相对较小,戈壁、耕地、沙地、盐碱地分离度较小,反映出肃州区这些景观类型占较大面积,斑块相对聚集,构成控制性生态景观。 相似文献
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海南岛北部玄武岩上土壤发育过程的定量研究 总被引：12，自引：2，他引：12
随着土壤的发育，土壤形态亦会出现相应的变化。对海南岛北部玄武岩上发育的不同成土年龄土壤系列的研究表明，土壤形态特征及其定量化指数，如红化率指数、剖面相对发育指数、土层指数、剖面发育指数等能够较好地反映土壤发育程度和土壤发育的相对年龄，其中剖面发育指数的批示效果最好。 相似文献
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通过对1976年9月23日巴音木仁6.2级地震前后2年左右记录资料的地震活动性、地震活动图像时空变化特征及测震学指标等变化特征的分析,发现巴音木仁6.2级地震活动性从震前半年左右时间内开始明显增强,出现了典型前兆震群-磴口震群,地震活动图像出现了条带及空区特征,这种特征在震后有向东北迁移的倾向,可能对1979年五原6.0级地震有着重要推动作用。同时震前b值、Vp/Vs、Q值等也出现了明显的异常。此震所出现的震兆特征对探讨分析浅源中强地震的孕育过程及提取临震信息有一定参考价值。 相似文献
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关于伊利石结晶度诸指数的评价 总被引：14，自引：1，他引：13
本文根据结晶学原理、Ｓｃｈｅｒｒｅｒ定律、Ｗａｒｒｅｎ－Ａｖｅｒｂａｃｈ理论和Ｘ射线衍射峰形态学原理提出任何衍射峰都是由五个基本要素组成的,即：衍射峰位置;最大衍射强度;半高宽;衍射峰形态和对称性。各衍射峰要素都具有其自身的物理学意义,其中,只有半高宽和衍射峰形态是与晶体内部结构和大小即结晶度相联系的。据此,分析评价了与Ｘ射线衍射相关的Ｋüｂｌｅｒ指数、Ｗｅｂｅｒ－ＤｕｎｏｙｅｒｄｅＳｅｇｏｎｚａｃ－Ｅｃｏｎｏｍｏｕ指数、Ｗｅａｖｅｒ指数、Ｍｉｌｉｅｒｓ指数、Ｗｅｂｅｒ指数、分解ＨＷ及纯Ｃ轴厚度等伊利石结晶度指数的理论基础、使用前提和条件、特点及误差源。指出Ｋüｂｌｅｒ指数、Ｗｅｂｅｒ－ＤｕｎｏｙｅｒｄｅＳｅｇｏｎｚａｃ－Ｅｃｏｎｏｍｏｕ指数和分解ＨＷ为非条件性单一结晶度指数;Ｗｅａｖｅｒ指数、Ｗｅｂｅｒ指数和高宽比为条件性单一结晶度指数;消除晶体内部微应变影响的ｃ轴厚度为全面描述伊利石结晶度指数;而Ｍｉｌｉｅｒｓ指数不可描述伊利石结晶度。 相似文献
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《Atmósfera》2014,27(2):141-163
In southern South America and for the period 1960-2011, frequencies and trends of seasonal blocking situations (Bs) determined at 100, 70 and 40° W (B100, B70 and B40), respectively are estimated. The effect of such situations on temperature and precipitation is also analyzed. The distribution of occurrences of B100, B70 and B40 peaks in spring and has minimum values in summer; trends are positive in summer and fall and negative in winter and spring. To the north of approximately 38° S, B70 determines negative temperature anomalies (ΔT) over the entire country during the four seasons and B40 in spring and summer. Except for summer, rainfall is greater than normal when Bs occur at both longitudes. To the south of approximately 38° S, B100 give place to negative ΔT. The frequencies and amounts of precipitation are greater in spring. This area is limited to the northernmost northern (southernmost southern) area in fall (summer). According to the signs of the trends of the Bs and to the associated values of temperature and precipitation, the way in which they may have contributed to the change in both variables during 1960-2011 is inferred. 相似文献