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1.
Kurt I. Srensen Flemming Effers Esben Auken Louise Pellerin 《Journal of Hydrology》2002,260(1-4):15-29
A field test and analysis method has been developed to estimate the vertical distribution of hydraulic conductivity in shallow unconsolidated aquifers. The field method uses fluid injection ports and pressure transducers in a hollow auger that measure the hydraulic head outside the auger at several distances from the injection point. A constant injection rate is maintained for a duration time sufficient for the system to become steady state. Exploiting the analogy between electrical resistivity in geophysics and hydraulic flow two methods are used to estimate conductivity with depth: a half-space model based on spherical flow from a point injection at each measurement site, and a one-dimensional inversion of an entire dataset.
The injection methodology, conducted in three separate drilling operations, was investigated for repeatability, reproducibility, linearity, and for different injection sources. Repeatability tests, conducted at 10 levels, demonstrated standard deviations of generally less than 10%. Reproducibility tests conducted in three, closely spaced drilling operations generally showed a standard deviation of less than 20%, which is probably due to lateral variations in hydraulic conductivity. Linearity tests, made to determine dependency on flow rates, showed no indication of a flow rate bias. In order to obtain estimates of the hydraulic conductivity by an independent means, a series of measurements were made by injecting water through screens installed at two separate depths in a monitoring pipe near the measurement site. These estimates differed from the corresponding estimates obtained by injection in the hollow auger by a factor of less than 3.5, which can be attributed to variations in geology and the inaccurate estimates of the distance between the measurement and the injection sites at depth. 相似文献
2.
建立了应用流动注射在线共沉淀分离富集火焰原子吸收法测定天然水样中痕量铬的价态分析方法。利用铬（Ⅲ）在碱性条件下与氢氧化镧形成共沉淀而与共存离子分离并得到富集，沉淀不需过滤，直接用稀盐酸从编织反应器（ＫＲ）中溶解并洗脱下来，用原子吸收测定。本体系的浓集倍率２２，检出限（３σ）０．８μｇ／Ｌ，相对标准偏差（ｎ＝１１）２．７２％，用水标样考察，分析结果与推荐值相符。该方法成功地用于天然水中铬的快速测定。 相似文献
3.
Vertical migration of municipal wastewater in deep injection well systems,South Florida,USA 总被引：1，自引：2，他引：1
Deep well injection is widely used in South Florida, USA for wastewater disposal largely because of the presence of an injection zone (“boulder zone” of Floridan Aquifer System) that is capable of accepting very large quantities of fluids, in some wells over 75,000 m3/day. The greatest potential risk to public health associated with deep injection wells in South Florida is vertical migration of wastewater, containing pathogenic microorganisms and pollutants, into brackish-water aquifer zones that are being used for alternative water-supply projects such as aquifer storage and recovery. Upwards migration of municipal wastewater has occurred in a minority of South Florida injection systems. The results of solute-transport modeling using the SEAWAT program indicate that the measured vertical hydraulic conductivities of the rock matrix would allow for only minimal vertical migration. Fracturing at some sites increased the equivalent average vertical hydraulic conductivity of confining zone strata by approximately four orders of magnitude and allowed for vertical migration rates of up 80 m/year. Even where vertical migration was rapid, the documented transit times are likely long enough for the inactivation of pathogenic microorganisms. 相似文献
4.
基于2007年1月-2010年8月四川自贡地方数字测震台网和流动台站记录的地震观测资料,并结合注水井(家33井)的加压注水数据,研究了自贡-隆昌地区三个丛集区域(A、B、C)地震活动与家33井注水压力及注水量的相关性,同时从注水区域及邻区局部应力状态呈现的差异研究其发震机理.结果表明:家33井加压注水对其所在的B区地震活动具有明显的调控作用,负压注水阶段,注水量对地震活动的影响不大,地震活动处于较弱状态;加压注水阶段,在压力持续升高的背景下,地震活动明显增强,其频次、强度与注水量呈现较好的相关性.研究区三次4级地震震源较浅、且均为逆冲型,震源机制节面与其震中附近断层走向一致.基于大量小震震源机制解,统计获得B区震源机制节面走向和P轴方位较A区相对离散;与川东南地区已有应力场结果相比,反演获得的B区主压应力方位较A区扰动偏大,可见在统一应力场的作用下,A、B区域小震震源机制解节面走向、P轴方位及反演得到的局部区域应力场呈现出的差异,与家33井加压注水有一定的关系. 相似文献
5.
Macroalgal blooms of Hypnea musciformis and Ulvafasciata in coastal waters of Maui only occur in areas of substantial anthropogenic nutrient input, sources of which include wastewater effluent via injection wells, leaking cesspools and agricultural fertilizers. Algal δ15N signatures were used to map anthropogenic nitrogen through coastal surveys (island-wide and fine-scale) and algal deployments along nearshore and offshore gradients. Algal δ15N values of 9.8‰ and 2.0-3.5‰ in Waiehu and across the north-central coast, respectively, suggest that cesspool and agricultural nitrogen reached the respective adjacent coastlines. Effluent was detected in areas proximal to the Wastewater Reclamation Facilities (WWRF) operating Class V injection wells in Lahaina, Kihei and Kahului through elevated algal δ15N values (17.8-50.1‰). From 1997 to 2008, the three WWRFs injected an estimated total volume of 193 million cubic meters (51 billion gallons) of effluent with a nitrogen mass of 1.74 million kilograms (3.84 million pounds). 相似文献
6.
A new methodology is developed in assessing environmental impacts of desalination plants discharging brine into the ground.
The main environmental problem of the desalination of seawater is the brine disposal. The brine is commonly discharged into
the sea or injected into a saline aquifer. In the case of injection into the ground, it is necessary to design a disposal
system in a way that respects the environment and is sustainable. Laboratory and computational methods have been utilized
to simulate the unsteady three-dimensional (3D) phenomena of subsurface brine disposal. The computational software used is
SEAWAT, which is a 3D unsteady variable-density flow simulation model. The model is first used to simulate the laboratory
results, and good agreement is achieved. Then, hypothetical problems are designed and simulated of groundwater extraction
and brine disposal by desalination stations. The major purpose of these hypothetical problems is to delineate a methodology
and to create design charts for design and management of production and injection well fields for coastal desalination plants.
Several design charts have been developed with 36 scenarios for two well configurations created by four design parameters:
relative salt concentration (RSC), production and injection rates (Q
d
, Q
r
), well spacing (S), and simulation period (T). 相似文献
7.
The effectiveness of artificial recharge in combating seawater intrusion in Salalah coastal aquifer, Oman 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Mahaad I. Shammas 《Environmental Geology》2008,55(1):191-204
The Salalah central sewage treatment plant has been designed to treat 20,000 m3/day at the first stage and two further stages to double the initial capacity. The plant currently (2005) treats more than
15,000 m3/day effluents to a tertiary level, and after chlorination phase, the effluents are recharged into tube wells in a line parallel
to the coast. The process aims to help stabilize the seawater interface and a part to be recovered from hand-dug wells/boreholes
further inland and downstream. A three-dimensional flow and solute advection transport model was developed to assess the effectiveness
of the proposed recharge scheme and to track the solute transport with respect to the design system. The advection transport
model predicted that in 2020 the maximum pathlines of the injection fluids would reach the abstraction wells that are located
600 m, southward of the injection bores in about 1-year travel time in the case of the no-management interference and more
than that southward under management interference. The developed flow predicted the wedge of the saline intrusion in 2019
is tracked up to 2.7 and 3.4 km from the shoreline with the injection and without the injection, respectively under constant
underflow. The injection scheme is effective in pushing back the saline zone front by 700 m. This study argues that the treated
wastewater would help to increase the water levels at the vicinity of the injection line and to reduce the influence of saline
inflows from the coast. The reclaimed sewage recharge scheme is examined in the case of the Salalah coastal aquifer using
groundwater simulation, which can also be applied to other regions with similar conditions. 相似文献
8.
混凝土灌注桩基础施工方法之一的振动沉管灌注桩施工技术具有多方面优越性,在某些软弱地层地基处理中发挥越来越大作用。本文以这一施工技术为要求,从设备选择,施工地层,沉管,灌注混凝土和拔管,振动沉管应注意的问题等作了较详细阐述。 相似文献
9.
D.-Y. Lee J.A. Hwang E.S. Lee K.W. Min W.Y. Han U.W. Nam 《Journal of Atmospheric and Solar》2004,66(18):1715
One of the key elements of storms and substorms is the injection of energetic particles into the region of near geosynchronous orbit, that is, the sudden flux enhancement in the energy range of tens to hundreds of keV. This paper reports the observational results on how such injection features during storm times are different from those of nonstorm times. We particularly focus on the difference between proton injections and electron injections. Based on a number of storm time injection events that meet our strict selection criteria, we find a notable difference between proton injections and electron injections in the energy-spectral dependence of the flux enhancement averaged over the first 30 min after the injection onset: The average flux enhancement of many protons injections tends to be bigger at higher energy channels than at lower energy channels, but electron injections exhibit the opposite tendency for the energy-spectral dependence of flux enhancement, i.e., average flux enhancement decreasing with increasing energy. We show that this feature is almost unique only for the injection events during the storm main and early recovery phase. It is suggested that any successful scenario intended to model storm time injections should be able to explain this difference between proton injections and electron injections. 相似文献
10.
Two issues arise in the long-term use of groundwater for thermal purposes: (1) the sustainability of an individual system; and (2) the effect of neighbouring systems on each other. Both of these effects are observed in an area of the Carbonate Rock Aquifer beneath Winnipeg in Manitoba, Canada, where groundwater has been exploited in thermal applications since 1965. In this area, there are four systems that utilize groundwater for cooling purposes that are closely spaced. The current temperatures observed in this area of the Carbonate Rock Aquifer and the results of the numerical modeling conducted in this study confirm that in each system, temperatures at the production well have risen as a result of breakthrough of injected water. The results of numerical modeling also indicate that interference effects are present in three of the four systems examined in this study. The influence of these systems on each other implies that these systems have a spacing that is smaller than the optimum spacing for such systems, and indicates that there is a limit to the density of development that can occur in a given aquifer.Contaminación termal y simulaciones post-desarrollo de sistemas geotermales de baja temperatura en Winnipeg, Canadá 相似文献