Footwall dip of a core complex detachment fault: thermobarometric constraints from the northern Snake Range (Basin and Range,USA)     

F. J. COOPER  J. P. PLATT  R. ANCZKIEWICZ  M. J. WHITEHOUSE 《Journal of Metamorphic Geology》2010,28(9):997-1020

Low‐angle detachment faults are common features in areas of large‐scale continental extension and are typically associated with metamorphic core complexes, where they separate upper plate brittle extension from lower plate ductile stretching and metamorphism. In many core complexes, the footwall rocks have been exhumed from middle to lower crustal depths, leading to considerable debate about the relationship between hangingwall and footwall rocks, and the role that detachment faults play in footwall exhumation. Here, garnet–biotite thermometry and garnet–muscovite–biotite–plagioclase barometry results are presented, together with garnet and zircon geochronology data, from seven locations within metapelitic rocks in the footwall of the northern Snake Range décollement (NSRD). These locations lie both parallel and normal to the direction of footwall transport to constrain the pre‐exhumation geometry of the footwall. To determine P–T gradients precisely within the footwall, the ΔPT method of Worley & Powell (2000) has been employed, which minimizes the contribution of systematic uncertainties to thermobarometric calculations. The results show that footwall rocks reached pressures of 6–8 kbar and temperatures of 500–650 °C, equivalent to burial depths of 23–30 km. Burial depth remains constant in the WNW–ESE direction of footwall transport, but increases from south to north. The lack of a burial gradient in the direction of footwall transport implies that the footwall rocks, which today define a sub‐horizontal datum in the direction of fault transport, also defined a sub‐horizontal datum at depth in Late Cretaceous time. This suggests that the footwall was not tilted about the normal to the fault transport direction during exhumation, and hence that the NSRD did not form as a low‐angle normal fault cutting down through the lower crust. Instead, the following evolution for the northern Snake Range footwall is proposed. (i) Mesozoic contraction caused substantial crustal thickening by duplication and folding of the miogeoclinal sequence, accompanied by upper greenschist to amphibolite facies metamorphism. (ii) About half of the total exhumation was accomplished by roughly coaxial stretching and thinning in Late Cretaceous to Early Tertiary time, accompanied by retrogression and mylonitic deformation. (iii) The footwall rocks were then ‘captured’ from the middle crust along a moderately dipping NSRD that soled into the middle crust with a rolling‐hinge geometry at both upper and lower terminations.  相似文献   

江南造山带黄金洞金矿床成矿机制:矿物形成环境与金成矿物理化学条件制约   总被引：4，自引：4，他引：0  

孙思辰  张良  吴圣刚  高磊  彭劲松  文亭 《岩石学报》2018,34(5):1469-1483

黄金洞超大型金矿床位于江南造山带中段,赋存于新元古界浅变质岩系中,受控于NNE-NE向长平断裂带,金资源储量达100吨。该矿床可由南至北分为金福、金塘、杨山庄和曲溪矿段,主要矿化类型有石英-硫化物脉型、构造角砾岩型和黄铁毒砂绢英岩型。金属矿物主要发育有自然金、毒砂、黄铁矿、黄铜矿、闪锌矿、方铅矿、磁黄铁矿等;非金属矿物有石英、绢云母、方解石和菱铁矿等,其中金主要以自然金与不可见金形式存在。根据野外与镜下观察,金成矿作用分为Ⅰ石英-金-毒砂-黄铁矿、Ⅱ石英-金-多金属硫化物-白钨矿和Ⅲ石英-辉锑矿-绿泥石3个阶段,前二者为主要成矿阶段。曲溪矿段Ⅱ阶段毒砂相对不发育、而磁黄铁矿和自然金显著发育,绿泥石主要发育于Ⅲ阶段中,与辉锑矿及闪锌矿共生。根据不同矿段各阶段毒砂与Ⅲ阶段绿泥石成分,计算其温度、lgf(S_2)与lgf(O_2),可见Ⅰ阶段成矿温度与硫逸度高于Ⅱ阶段:杨山庄矿段两阶段成矿温度分别为300～378℃、260～300℃,lgf(S_2)分别为-11～-7.2、-11.9～-10.1;金塘两阶段成矿温度为240～311℃、245～298℃;金福Ⅱ阶段成矿温度上限为297℃;曲溪矿段成矿温度为268～368℃,Ⅱ阶段毒砂lgf(S_2)与Ⅲ阶段绿泥石lgf(O_2)分别为-13.2～-8.7、-50.9～-40.1。根据不同阶段矿物之间的相互关系及成矿温度与硫逸度演化特征,推断Ⅰ、Ⅱ成矿阶段伴随强烈的硫化作用,金以类质同象方式进入毒砂和黄铁矿中,形成不可见金;其中Ⅱ阶段由于成矿流体压力骤降,含金流体发生相分离作用,H2S等气体大量逃逸,导致成矿流体中硫含量骤降,加以硫化作用持续消耗流体中的硫,促进了含金络合物分解与自然金的沉淀。  相似文献   

青藏高原锡铁山—格尔木—亚东剖面地温分布特征     

翟利剑  包汇慧  毕思文 《吉林大学学报(地球科学版)》2008,38(5)

以青藏高原锡铁山—格尔木—亚东剖面作为研究对象,测定不同深度土层的温度。结果表明,除北部柴达木地块地温高出其它地块外,该剖面总体上呈现出青藏高原各地块地温状况南高北低的现象:以拉萨—冈底斯地块的地温为最高,其次为喜马拉雅地块,北部的羌塘地块、可可西里-巴颜喀拉地块、昆仑地块的地温依次降低。测量结果较好地对应于各地块及断裂带的划分,断裂带温度明显高出相邻低温地块温度,并且以狮泉河—雅鲁藏布江断裂带为最高。该试验方法较好地反映了青藏高原热活动状况,为青藏高原热动力学研究提供了依据。  相似文献   

Mineralogy, petrology and P–T–t path of Ca–Na amphibole assemblages, Saint-Martin des Noyers formation, Vendée, France     

D. THIEBLEMONT  C. TRIBOULET  G. GODARD 《Journal of Metamorphic Geology》1988,6(6):697-715

Abstract The Saint-Martin des Noyers Formation is interpreted as a slice of an island-arc system of Lower to Middle Palaeozoic age, located in the internal part of the Variscan orogen in Vendée (Armorican Massif, France). Metamorphosed igneous rocks range in composition from ultramafic to rhyolitic. The regular increase in the FeO/(FeO+MgO) ratio, from mafic to silicic samples, results in a systematic variability in the nature and composition of the metamorphic phases. In basaltic samples, the occurrence of relict garnet-barroisite assemblages suggests relatively high-pressure conditions for the peak of metamorphism. During a subsequent retrograde evolution, the primary barroisitic hornblendes recrystallized to texturally complex mixtures of actinolite and hornblende. Despite this complication, it is possible to decipher a P–T-t path based on amphibole chemistry. The P–T trajectory deduced is dominated by the effect of pressure and consistent with early underthrusting and subsequent tectonic uplift of the ancient arc of Saint-Martin des Noyers.  相似文献   

Two-pyroxene thermometry of Precambrian granulites from Cape Riche, Albany-Fraser Province, Western Australia     

N. C. N. STEPHENSON 《Journal of Metamorphic Geology》1984,2(4):297-314

Coexisting Ca-poor and Ca-rich pyroxenes in granulites at Cape Riche, in the Precambrian Albany-Fraser Province, Western Australia, are dominantly chemically homogeneous within individual samples, suggesting a major episode of equilibration. However, occasional grains in a few samples contain exsolved domains interpreted as relics of an earlier, higher-T assemblage. Pyroxene pairs in ten, presumably isothermal, samples from a restricted area are used to (i) assess the suitability of several versions of the two-pyroxene thermometer for application to metamorphic rocks, and (ii) determine the thermal history of the Cape Riche pyroxenes. The various versions of the two-pyroxene thermometer applied to the well-equilibrated homogeneous pyroxene grains show poor to good precision and yield mean temperatures varying widely from 683° to 893°C, in the following order of increasing T: Lindsley (1983; opx version), 683°± 11°C; Kretz (1982; K_D version), 705°± 19°C; Ross & Huebner (1975), 709°± 30°C; Kretz (1982; solvus version), 735°± 24°C; Fonarev & Graphchikov (1982; opx version), <750°C; Lindsley (1983; cpx version), 784°± 40°C; Fonarev & Graphchikov (1982; cpx version), ~820°± 30°C; Wood & Banno (1973), 849°± 16°C; Powell (1978), 854°± 23°C; Wells (1977), 893°± 10°C. Independent T estimates, based on mafic assemblages and garnet-biotite thermometry, suggest that the major episode of metamorphism occurred at 700-800°C (P ~ 5 kbar). Therefore the Wells, Powell, Wood & Banno and Fonarev & Graphchikov (cpx) temperatures are almost certainly too high. In the absence of a more precise independent T estimate it is difficult to assess the relative merits of the results obtained from the remaining versions of the two-pyroxene thermometer, none of which can be unequivocally demonstrated to be seriously in error, though the Lindsley (opx) T is probably too low. Other significant shortcomings evident in the results include the relatively poor precision obtained from the three methods based on purely graphical representation of the augite limb of the solvus (i.e., the Ross & Huebner, Fonarev & Graphchikov (cpx) and Lindsley (cpx) versions), and the apparent dependence of derived T on Mg/Fe²⁺ ratio for the Powell, Wood & Banno and Lindsley (cpx) methods. For the bulk compositions of exsolved domains, the different versions of the two-pyroxene thermometer yield mean temperatures 23° to 82°C (overall mean, 65°C) higher than for homogeneous grains in the same samples. These exsolved domains are interpreted as relics of a higher-T (peak?) metamorphic assemblage, rather than an igneous precursor.  相似文献   

三元长石地质温度计及其在我国粤西花岗岩中的应用     

王联魁  沙连堃  徐文新  邓高强 《华南地质与矿产》2003,(4):1-9

根据Green et al(1986)提出的三元长石温压计公式．以长石三元固溶体和矿物相平衡为基础，通过热力学推导，建立了联立方程法和迭代法两种计算三元长石温度的方法。根据联立求解可获得TAb-Or、TOr-An,TAb-An三个温度值，迭代法求解可获得TAb,TOr,TAn三个温度值。因此，一个样品可计算出6个温度数据。选择粤西地区有代表性的18个花岗岩体，按混合岩建造→深熔花岗岩建造→岩浆建造南岭系列花岗岩→岩浆建造长江系列花岗岩的顺序，进行三元长石法的温度计算，所得到的相应各建造和系列花岗岩的上限温度为755℃→766℃→865℃→970℃；下限温度为664℃→665℃→775℃→814℃，亦即上下限温度都逐渐升高，其规律性与地质和地球化学研究结果完全一致，体现了三元长石地质温度计的可靠性和准确性。  相似文献   

Oxygen and Carbon Isotope Study of Calcite and Dolomite in the Disseminated Au-Ag Telluride Bulawan Deposit, Negros Island, Philippines     

Victor B. MAGLAMBAYAN  Daizo ISHIYAMA  Toshio MIZUTA  Osamu MATSUBAYA  Yohei ISHIKAWA 《Resource Geology》2001,51(2):107-116

Abstract: The disseminated Au‐Ag telluride Bulawan deposit, Negros island, Philippines, is hosted by dacite porphyry breccia pipes which formed in a Middle Miocene dacite porphyry stock. Electrum and Au‐Ag tellurides occur mostly as grains intergrown with or filling voids between sphalerite, pyrite, chalcopyrite, galena and tennantite. Calcite, quartz and rare dolomite are the principal gangue minerals. Four types of alteration were recognized in the deposit, namely; propylitic, K‐feldspar‐sericitic, sericitic and carbonate alteration. Carbonate alteration is correlatable to the gold deposition stage and occurs mostly along fault zones. The δ¹⁸O and δ¹³C compositions of calcite and dolomite in propylite zone and ore‐stage dacite porphyry breccia were determined. The δ¹⁸O values of calcite in propylitized andesite range from +12.2 to +14.7%, and their δ¹³C values range from ‐6.1 to ‐1.0%. The δ¹⁸O values of calcite and dolomite in sericite‐ and carbonate‐altered, mineralized dacite porphyry breccia and dacite porphyry rocks range from +15.1 to +23.1%, and the δ¹³C values of calcite and dolomite range from ‐3.9 to +0.9%. The δ¹⁸O and δ¹³C values of the hydrothermal fluids were estimated from inferred temperatures of formation on the basis of fluid inclusion microthermometry. The δ¹⁸O values of hydrothermal fluid for the propylitic alteration were calculated to be +8.5 ‐ +9.5%, assuming 375°C. On the other hand, the δ¹⁸O values of ore solutions for base metal and Au mineralization were computed to be +13.6 ‐ +14.6%, assuming 270°C. The hydrothermal fluids that formed the Bulawan deposit are dilute and ¹⁸O‐enriched fluids which reacted with ¹⁸O‐ and ¹³C‐rich wallrocks such as limestone.  相似文献   

极低级变质作用及其研究方法   总被引：9，自引：2，他引：9  

燕守勋  田庆久  吴昀昭 《现代地质》2002,16(1):37-44

近年来国际上极低级变质作用的研究进展包括综合运用了伊利石结晶度等各项指标 ,将极低级变质带划分为成岩带、近变质带和浅变质带 ,成岩带和近变质带又可进一步划分为低级成岩带、高级成岩带、低级近变质带和高级近变质带 ;研究了伸展背景、阿尔卑斯碰撞背景和增生背景下的极低级变质作用 ;进一步理解了矿物的转变过程 ,建立了变质泥质岩石的矿物反应系列。即变质泥质岩石的二八面体矿物反应系列 ,为蒙皂石—伊 /蒙混层 (I/S)—伊利石—白云母 ;对应变质镁铁质岩石的三八面体矿物反应系列 ,为蒙皂石—绿泥石 /蒙皂石混层 (C/S)—绿泥石。岩石微构造也发生同步变化 ;明确了广泛应用的伊利石结晶度的本质是雏晶大小的一种量度 ,也与晶格应变有关 ,主要受反应动力的控制 ;建立了系统的研究技术方法 ,包括野外采样方法、室内X光衍射法 (XRD)、透射电镜法 (TEM )、地质温度计、地质压力计、岩石学方法、同位素地质学方法等  相似文献   

On the interpretation of peak metamorphic temperatures in light of garnet diffusion during cooling   总被引：13，自引：0，他引：13  

F. S. SPEAR 《Journal of Metamorphic Geology》1991,9(4):379-388

Abstract Finite difference models of Fe-Mg diffusion in garnet undergoing cooling from metamorphic peak conditions are used to infer the significance of temperatures calculated using garnet-biotite Fe-Mg exchange thermometry. For rocks cooled from high grades where the garnet was initially homogeneous, the calculated temperature (T_calc) using garnet core and matrix biotite depends on the size of the garnet, the ratio of garnet to biotite in the rock (V_garnet/V_biotite) and the cooling rate. For garnets with radii of 1 mm and V_garnet/V_biotite<1, T_calc is 633, 700 and 777°C for cooling rates of 1, 10 and 100°C/Ma. For V_garnet/V_biotite= 1 and 4 and a cooling rate of 10° C/Ma, T_calc is approximately 660 and 610° C, respectively. Smaller and larger garnets have lower and higher T_calc, respectively. These results suggest that peak metamorphic temperatures may be reliably attained from rocks crystallized at conditions below T_calc of the garnet core, provided that V_garnet/V_biotite is sufficiently small (<0.1) and that the composition of the biotite at the metamorphic peak has not been altered during cooling. Numerical experiments on amphibolite facies garnets with nominal peak temperatures of 550–600° C generate a ‘well’in Fe/(Fe + Mg) near the rim during cooling. Maximum calculated temperatures for the assemblage garnet + chlorite + biotite + muscovite + plagioclase + quartz using the Fe/(Fe + Mg) at the bottom of the ‘well’with matrix biotite range from 23–43° C to 5–12° C below the peak metamorphic temperature for cooling rates of 1 and 100° C/Ma, respectively. Maximum calculated temperatures for the assemblage garnet + staurolite + biotite + muscovite + plagioclase + quartz are approximately 70° C below the peak metamorphic temperature and are not strongly dependent on cooling rate. The results of this study indicate that it may be very difficult to calculate peak metamorphic temperatures using garnet-biotite Fe-Mg exchange thermometry on amphibolite facies rocks (T_max > 550° C) because the rim composition of the garnet, which is required to calculate the peak temperature, is that most easily destroyed by diffusion.  相似文献   

Geochronological and mineralogical constraints on mineralization of the Hetai goldfield in Guangdong Province,South China     

《Ore Geology Reviews》2017

The Hetai goldfield, located in the southern segment of the Qinzhou Bay-Hangzhou Bay Juncture Orogenic Belt (QHJB), is the largest concentration of gold deposits in Guangdong Province, South China. The gold mineralization is hosted within the late Neoproterozoic to early Paleozoic Yunkai Group and strictly confined to mylonite (ductile shear) zones. The nature of the structural control of mineralization, in particular the role of ductile versus brittle deformation and their ages, which remain unclear despite numerous previous studies, are examined in this paper through an integrated study of geochronology and mineralogy.Lamellar and filament structures shown by pyrite and pyrrhotite in the ores suggest that sulfidation took place during ductile deformation and syntectonic metamorphism, but the majority of the ores are associated with brittle deformation features. In combination with macroscopic and microscopy observations on shear fabrics, LA-ICP-MS U-Pb dating on zircons of hydrothermal origin from mylonites suggests that the Hetai goldfield was subjected to two shearing events: an early sinistral ductile shearing at ca. 240 Ma, and a late dextral ductile-brittle shearing at ca. 204 Ma (Indosinian). These ages are ca. 90–30 Ma older than the previously published gold mineralizing ages of ca. 175–152 Ma (Yanshanian), suggesting that the main gold mineralization and related brittle deformation significantly postdate the ductile deformation. This inference is supported by the mineralization temperatures estimated from geothermometers of arsenopyrite (ca. 350–290 °C), chlorite (ca. 260–230 °C), and sphalerite (ca. 230–170 °C) intergrown with native gold, which are considerably lower than that for the ductile deformation (500–300 °C or higher). Based on these data, we propose that the gold mineralization in the Hetai goldfield predominantly occurred during the Yanshanian event, and only minor gold mineralization and associated sulfidation took place during the earlier Indosinian ductile deformation.  相似文献